Evolution of the periodic table through the synthesis of new elements

References

1. Pyykkö, P.: Magically magnetic gadolinium. Nat. Chem. 7, 680 (2015).10.1038/nchem.2287Search in Google Scholar

2. Moseley, H. G.: LXXX. The high-frequency spectra of the elements. Part II. Phil. Mag. 27, 703 (1914).10.1080/14786440408635141Search in Google Scholar

3. Curie, P., Curie, M.: Sur une substance nouvelle radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende. Comptes Rendus. 127, 175 (1898).Search in Google Scholar

4. Curie, P., Curie, M., Bémont, G.: Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende. Comptes Rendus. 127, 1215 (1898).Search in Google Scholar

5. Backe, H., Dretzke, A., Eberhardt, K., Fritzsche, S., Grüning, C., Gwinner, G., Haire, R. G., Huber, G., Kratz, J. V., Kube, G., Kunz, P., Lassen, J., Lauth, W., Passler, G., Repnow, R., Schwalm, D., Schwamb, P., Sewtz, M., Thörle, P., Trautmann, N., Waldek, A.: First Determination of the Ionization Potential of Actinium and First Observation of Optical Transitions in Fermium. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 39, 86 (2014).10.1080/00223131.2002.10875414Search in Google Scholar

6. Seaborg, G. T., Loveland, W. D.: The Elements Beyond Uranium, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1990).Search in Google Scholar

7. Loveland, W. D., Morrissey, D. J., Seaborg, G. T.: Modern Nuclear Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ (2006).10.1002/0471768626Search in Google Scholar

8. Brookins, D. G.: Radionuclide behavior at the Oklo nuclear reactor, Gabon. Waste Manag. 10, 285 (1990).10.1016/0956-053X(90)90102-QSearch in Google Scholar

9. Levine, C. A., Seaborg, G. T.: The occurrence of plutonium in nature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 3278 (1951).10.2172/910344Search in Google Scholar

10. Peppard, D. F., Studier, M. H., Gergel, M. V., Mason, G. W., Sullivan, J. C., Mech, J. F.: Isolation of microgram quantities of naturally-occurring plutonium and examination of its isotopic composition. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 2529 (1951).10.1021/ja01150a034Search in Google Scholar

11. Myers, W. A., Lindner, M.: Precise determination of the natural abundance of ²³⁷Np and ²³⁹Pu in Katanga pitchblende. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 33, 3233 (1971).10.1016/0022-1902(71)80643-7Search in Google Scholar

12. Nabi, J.-U.: Nucleosynthesis and the rp-process. AIP Conf. Proc. 1498, 160 (2012).10.1063/1.4768491Search in Google Scholar

13. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Iljinov, A. S., Demin, A. G., Tretyakova, S. P.: Experiments on the production of fermium neutron-deficient isotopes and new possibilities of synthesizing elements with Z>100. Nucl. Phys. A. 239, 353 (1975).10.1016/0375-9474(75)90456-XSearch in Google Scholar

14. Tostevin, J., Podolyák, G., Brown, B., Hansen, P.: Correlated two-nucleon stripping reactions. Phys. Rev. C. 70, 064602 (2004).10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064602Search in Google Scholar

15. Brack, M., Damgaard, J., Jensen, A., Pauli, H., Strutinsky, V., Wong, C.: Funny hills: the shell-correction approach to nuclear shell effects and its applications to the fission process. Rev. Mod. Phys. 44, 320 (1972).10.1103/RevModPhys.44.320Search in Google Scholar

16. Barber, R. C., Greenwood, N. N., Hrynkiewicz, A. Z., Jeannin, Y. P., Lefort, M., Sakai, M., Ulehla, I., Wapstra, A. H., Wilkinson, D. H.: Discovery of the transfermium elements. Pure Appl. Chem. 65, 1757 (1993).10.1016/0146-6410(92)90008-PSearch in Google Scholar

17. Yakushev, A., Gates, J. M., Türler, A., Schädel, M., Düllmann, C. E., Ackermann, D., Andersson, L.-L., Block, M., Brüchle, W., Dvorak, J., Eberhardt, K., Essel, H. G., Even, J., Forsberg, U., Gorshkov, A., Graeger, R., Gregorich, K. E., Hartmann, W., Herzberg, R.-D., Heßberger, F. P., Hild, D., Hübner, A., Jäger, E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kindler, B., Kratz, J. V., Krier, J., Kurz, N., Lommel, B., Niewisch, L. J., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J., Parr, E., Qin, Z., Rudolph, D., Runke, J., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Steiner, J., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Uusitalo, J., Wegrzecki, M., Wiehl, N.: Superheavy element flerovium (element 114) is a volatile metal. Inorg. Chem. 53, 1624 (2014).10.1021/ic4026766Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Schädel, M.: Chemistry of the superheavy elements. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 373, 0191 (2014).10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1Search in Google Scholar

19. Wapstra, A.: Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized. Pure Appl. Chem. 63, 879 (1991).10.1351/pac199163060879Search in Google Scholar

20. Morss, L. R., Edelstein, N. M., Fuger, J., Katz, J. J.: The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. Springer, Dordrecht, NL (2008).Search in Google Scholar

21. Sime, R. L.: The search for transuranium elements and the discovery of nuclear fission. Phys. Perspect. 2, 48 (2000).10.1007/s000160050036Search in Google Scholar

22. Fermi, E.: Possible production of elements of atomic number higher than 92. Nature 133, 898 (1934).10.1038/133898a0Search in Google Scholar

23. Grosse, v. A., Agruss, M.: The Chemistry of Element 93 and Fermi’s Discovery. Phys. Rev. 46, 241 (1934).10.1103/PhysRev.46.241Search in Google Scholar

24. Hahn, O., Meitner, L., Strassmann, F.: Über die Trans-Urane und ihr chemisches Verhalten. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. B. Ser. 70, 1374 (1937).10.1002/cber.19370700634Search in Google Scholar

25. Meitner, L., Hahn, O., Strassmann, F.: Über die Umwandlungsreihen des Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden. Z. Phys. 106, 249 (1937).10.1007/BF01340321Search in Google Scholar

26. Fermi, E.: Artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment, https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fermi-lecture.pdf (1938).Search in Google Scholar

27. Noddack, I.: Über das Element 93. Angew. Chem. 47, 653 (1934).10.1002/ange.19340473707Search in Google Scholar

28. Hahn, O., Strassmann, F.: Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle. Naturwissenschaften 27, 11 (1939).10.1007/BF01488241Search in Google Scholar

29. Segrè, E.: An unsuccessful search for transuranic elements. Phys. Rev. 55, 1104 (1939).10.1103/PhysRev.55.1104Search in Google Scholar

30. Crane, H., Lauritsen, C.: On the Production of Neutrons from Lithium. Phys. Rev. 44, 783 (1933).10.1103/PhysRev.44.783.2Search in Google Scholar

31. Ikeda, N.: The discoveries of uranium 237 and symmetric fission – From the archival papers of Nishina and Kimura. Proc. Jpn Acad. B 87, 371 (2011).10.2183/pjab.87.371Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Nishina, Y., Yasaki, T., Kimura, K., Ikawa, M.: Artificial production of uranium Y from thorium. Nature 142, 874 (1938).10.1038/142874c0Search in Google Scholar

33. Joliot, F., Curie, I.: Artificial production of a new kind of radio-element. Nature 133, 201 (1934).10.1038/133201a0Search in Google Scholar

34. Joliot-Curie, I.: Artificial production of radioactive elements, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/lecture/ (1935).Search in Google Scholar

35. Joliot, F.: Chemical evidence of the transmutation of elements, https://assets.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/joliot-fred-lecture.pdf (1935).Search in Google Scholar

36. Meitner, L., Strassmann, F., Hahn, O.: Künstliche Umwandlungsprozesse bei Bestrahlung des Thoriums mit Neutronen; Auftreten isomerer Reihen durch Abspaltung vonα-Strahlen. Z. Phys. 109, 538 (1938).10.1007/BF01340332Search in Google Scholar

37. Nishina, Y., Yasaki, T., Ezoe, H., Kimura, K., Ikawa, M.: Induced ß-Activity of Uranium by Fast Neutrons. Phys. Rev. 57, 1182 (1940).10.1103/PhysRev.57.1182Search in Google Scholar

38. McMillan, E. M.: Radioactive recoils from uranium activated by neutrons. Phys. Rev. 55, 510 (1939).10.1103/PhysRev.55.510Search in Google Scholar

39. McMillan, E. M., Abelson, P.: Radioactive element 93. Phys. Rev. 57, 1185 (1940).10.1103/PhysRev.57.1185.2Search in Google Scholar

40. McMillan, E. M.: The seven-day uranium activity. Phys. Rev. 58, 178 (1940).10.1103/PhysRev.58.178Search in Google Scholar

41. McMillan, E. M.: The Transuranium Elements: Early History, https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/mcmillan-lecture.pdf (1951).10.2172/4392046Search in Google Scholar

42. Seaborg, G., Wahl, A.: The chemical properties of elements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 94 (1948).10.1021/ja01183a076Search in Google Scholar

43. Seaborg, G. T., Segrè, E.: The trans-uranium elements. Nature 159, 863 (1947).10.1038/159863a0Search in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Seaborg, G. T., McMillan, E. M., Kennedy, J., Wahl, A.: Radioactive element 94 from deuterons on uranium. Phys. Rev. 69, 366 (1946).10.1103/PhysRev.69.366.2Search in Google Scholar

45. Kennedy, J., Seaborg, G. T., Segrè, E., Wahl, A.: Properties of ²³⁹94. Phys. Rev. 70, 555 (1946).10.1103/PhysRev.70.555Search in Google Scholar

46. Chamberlain, O., Farwell, G. W., Segrè, E.: ²⁴⁰Pu and its spontaneous fission. Phys. Rev. 94, 156 (1954).10.1103/PhysRev.94.156Search in Google Scholar

47. Cunningham, B. B., Werner, L. B.: The first isolation of plutonium. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71, 1521 (1949).10.1021/ja01173a001Search in Google Scholar

48. Anderson, H. L.: Resonance capture of neutrons by uranium. Phys. Rev. 80, 499 (1950).10.1103/PhysRev.80.499Search in Google Scholar

49. Hoddeson, L.: The discovery of spontaneous fission in plutonium during World War II. Hist. Stud. Phys. Bio. Sci. 23, 279 (1993).10.2307/27757700Search in Google Scholar

50. Segrè, E.: Spontaneous fission. Phys. Rev. 86, 21 (1952).10.2172/910247Search in Google Scholar

51. Wilcken, K. M., Barrows, T. T., Fifield, L. K., Tims, S. G., Steier, P.: AMS of natural ²³⁶U and ²³⁹Pu produced in uranium ores. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 259, 727 (2007).10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.210Search in Google Scholar

52. Dellinger, F., Forstner, O., Golser, R., Priller, A., Steier, P., Wallner, A., Winkler, G., Kutschera, W.: Ultrasensitive search for long-lived superheavy nuclides in the mass range A=288 to A=300 in natural Pt, Pb, and Bi. Phys. Rev. C. 83, 065806 (2011).10.1103/PhysRevC.83.065806Search in Google Scholar

53. Lachner, J., Dillmann, I., Faestermann, T., Korschinek, G., Poutivtsev, M., Rugel, G., von Gostomski, C. L., Türler, A., Gerstmann, U.: Attempt to detect primordial ²⁴⁴Pu on Earth. Phys. Rev. C. 85, 015801 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevC.85.015801Search in Google Scholar

54. Garner, C. S., Bonner, N. A., Seaborg, G. T.: Search for elements 94 and 93 in nature. Presence of ²³⁹94 in carnotite1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 3453 (1948).10.1021/ja01190a069Search in Google Scholar

55. Seaborg, G. T., Perlman, M. L.: Search for elements 94 and 93 in nature. Presence of ²³⁹94 in pitchblende. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 1571 (1948).10.1021/ja01184a083Search in Google Scholar

56. Seaborg, G. T.: Evolution of the modern periodic table. Dalton Trans. 3899 (1996).10.1039/dt9960003899Search in Google Scholar

57. Seaborg, G. T.: Proceedings of the Symposium Commemorating the 25^th Anniversary of Elements 97 and 98 held on Jan. 20, 1975 (1976).Search in Google Scholar

58. Curtis, D., Fabryka-Martin, J., Dixon, P., Cramer, J.: Nature’s uncommon elements: plutonium and technetium. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 63, 275 (1999).10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00282-8Search in Google Scholar

59. Kenna, B. T., Attrep, M.: The ratio of induced fission vs. spontaneous fission and the trace element analysis in pitchblende. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 28, 1491 (1966).10.1016/0022-1902(66)80044-1Search in Google Scholar

60. Tsaletka, R., Lapitskii, A. V.: Occurrence of the transuranium elements in nature. Russ. Chem. Rev. 29, 684 (1960).10.1070/RC1960v029n12ABEH001264Search in Google Scholar

61. Hoffman, D. C., Lawrence, F. O., Mewherter, J. L., Rourke, F. M.: Detection of plutonium-244 in nature. Nature 234, 132 (1971).10.1038/234132a0Search in Google Scholar

62. Wallner, A., Faestermann, T., Feige, J., Feldstein, C., Knie, K., Korschinek, G., Kutschera, W., Ofan, A., Paul, M., Quinto, F., Rugel, G., Steier, P.: Abundance of live ²⁴⁴Pu in deep-sea reservoirs on Earth points to rarity of actinide nucleosynthesis. Nat. Comm. 6, 5956 (2015).10.1038/ncomms6956Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

63. Bros, R., Carpena, J., Sere, V., Beltritti, A.: Occurrence of Pu and fissiogenic REE in hydrothermal apatites from the fossil nuclear reactor 16 at Oklo (Gabon). Radiochim. Acta 74, 277 (1996).10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.277Search in Google Scholar

64. Seaborg, G. T., Katz, J. J., Manning, W. M. (Editors); The Transuranium Elements, National Nuclear Energy Series IV-14-B. United States Atomic Energy Commission, New York (1948), p. 1554.Search in Google Scholar

65. Werner, L. B., Perlman, I.: First isolation of curium. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 5215 (1951).10.1021/ja01155a063Search in Google Scholar

66. Seaborg, G. T.: History of Met Lab Section C-I May 1944 to April 1945. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA (1979).10.2172/6009596Search in Google Scholar

67. Ghiorso, A.: A History of the discovery of the transplutonium elements. In: N. M. Edelstein (Ed.), Actinides in Perspective: Proceedings of the Actinides – 1981. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1982).10.1016/B978-0-08-029193-2.50007-9Search in Google Scholar

68. Ghiorso, A., James, R. A., Morgan, L. O., Seaborg, G. T.: Preparation of transplutonium isotopes by neutron irradiation. Phys. Rev. 78, 472 (1950).10.2172/4401118Search in Google Scholar

69. Seaborg, G. T., Katz, J. J., Manning, W. M. (Editors); The Transuranium Elements, National Nuclear Energy Series IV-14-B. United States Atomic Energy Commission, New York (1948), p. 1525.Search in Google Scholar

70. Seaborg, G. T., Katz, J. J., Manning, W. M. (Editors); The Transuranium Elements, National Nuclear Energy Series IV-14-B. United States Atomic Energy Commission, New York (1948), pp. xix.Search in Google Scholar

71. Navratil, J. D., Schulz, W. W., Seaborg, G. T.: The most useful actinide isotope: Americium-241. J. Chem. Educ. 67, 15 (1990).10.1142/9789812795953_0047Search in Google Scholar

72. Seaborg, G. T.: Elements beyond 100, present status and future prospects. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 18, 53 (1968).10.1146/annurev.ns.18.120168.000413Search in Google Scholar

73. Hofmann, S., Heinz, S., Mann, R., Maurer, J., Khuyagbaatar, J., Ackermann, D., Antalic, S., Barth, W., Block, M., Burkhard, H. G., Comas, V. F., Dahl, L., Eberhardt, K., Gostic, J., Henderson, R. A., Heredia, j A., Heßberger, F. P., Kenneally, J. M., Kindler, B., Kojouharov, I., Kratz, J. V., Lang, R., Leino, M., Lommel, B., Moody, K. J., G, Nelson, S. L., Nishio, K., Popeko, A. G., Runke, J., Saro, S., Shaughnessy, D. A., Stoyer, M. A., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Tinschert, K., Trautmann, N., Uusitalo, J., Wilk, P. A., Yeremin, A. V.: The reaction ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁸Cm → ²⁹⁶116* studied at the GSI-SHIP. Eur. Phys. J. A. 48, 62 (2012).10.1140/epja/i2012-12062-1Search in Google Scholar

74. Fields, P., Studier, M., Diamond, H., Mech, J., Inghram, M., Pyle, G., Stevens, C., Fried, S., Manning, W., Ghiorso, A., Thompson, S., Higgins, G., Seaborg, G. T.: Transplutonium elements in thermonuclear test debris. Phys. Rev. 102, 180 (1956).10.1142/9789812795953_0017Search in Google Scholar

75. Stevens, C., Studier, M., Fields, P., Mech, J., Sellers, P., Friedman, A., Diamond, H., Huizenga, J.: Curium isotopes 246 and 247 from pile-irradiated plutonium. Phys. Rev. 94, 974 (1954).10.1103/PhysRev.94.974Search in Google Scholar

76. Reynolds, F. L., Hulet, E. K., Street, K.: Mass-spectrographic identification of ²⁴³Cm and ²⁴⁴Cm. Phys. Rev. 80, 467 (1950).10.1103/PhysRev.80.467Search in Google Scholar

77. Butler, J. P., Eastwood, T. A., Jackson, H. G., Schuman, R. P.: Half-lives and alpha energies of ²⁴⁸Cm and ²⁴⁶Cm. Phys. Rev. 103, 965 (1956).10.1103/PhysRev.103.965Search in Google Scholar

78. Balo, P. A., Knauer, J. B., Martin, R. C.: Production, distribution, and applications of californium-252 neutron sources. Appl. Rad. Isotop. 53, 785 (2000).10.1016/S0969-8043(00)00214-1Search in Google Scholar

79. Johnson, W. C., Quill, L. L., Daniels, F.: Rare earths separation developed on Manhattan Project. Chem. Eng. News. 25, 2494 (1947).10.1021/cen-v025n035.p2494Search in Google Scholar

80. Street Jr, K., Seaborg, G. T.: The separation of Americium and Curium from the rare earth elements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 2790 (1950).10.1142/9789812795953_0050Search in Google Scholar

81. Thompson, S., Ghiorso, A., Seaborg, G. T.: Element 97. Phys. Rev. 77, 838 (1950).10.1142/9789812795953_0012Search in Google Scholar

82. Thompson, S. G., Ghiorso, A., Seaborg, G. T.: The new element Berkelium (atomic number 97). Phys. Rev. 80, 781 (1950).10.1103/PhysRev.80.781Search in Google Scholar

83. Thompson, S., Street, K., Ghiorso, A., Seaborg, G. T.: Element 98. Phys. Rev. 78, 298 (1950).10.2172/932813Search in Google Scholar

84. Thompson, S. G., Street Jr., K., Ghiorso, A., Seaborg, G. T.: The new element californium (atomic number 98). Phys. Rev. 80, 790 (1950).10.2172/932819Search in Google Scholar

85. Atterling, H., Forsling, W., Holm, L. W., Melander, L.: Element 100 produced by means of cyclotron-accelerated oxygen ions. Phys. Rev. 95, 585 (1954).10.1103/PhysRev.95.585.2Search in Google Scholar

86. Seaborg, G. T.: Proceedings of the Symposium commemorating the 25^th anniversary of elements 99 and 100 held January 23, 1978 at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1979).Search in Google Scholar

87. Ghiorso, A., Thompson, S. G., Higgins, G. H., Seaborg, G. T.: New elements einsteinium and fermium, atomic numbers 99 and 100. Phys. Rev. 99, 1048 (1955).10.1142/9789812795953_0016Search in Google Scholar

88. Choppin, G. R., Harvey, B., Thompson, S. G., Ghiorso, A.: Nuclear properties of ²⁵⁶100. Phys. Rev. 98, 1519 (1955).10.1103/PhysRev.98.1519Search in Google Scholar

89. Harvey, B., Thompson, S., Ghiorso, A., Choppin, G. R.: Further production of transcurium nuclides by neutron irradiation. Phys. Rev. 93, 1129 (1954).10.1103/PhysRev.93.1129Search in Google Scholar

90. Seaborg, G. T.: Proceedings of the symposium commemorating the 25th anniversary of the discovery of mendelevium. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1980).Search in Google Scholar

91. Ghiorso, A., Harvey, B., Choppin, G., Thompson, S., Seaborg, G. T.: New element mendelevium, atomic number 101. Phys. Rev. 98, 1518 (1955).10.2172/914464Search in Google Scholar

92. Phillips, L., Gatti, R., Chesne, A., Muga, L., Thompson, S.: Discovery of a new mendelevium isotope. Phys. Rev Lett. 1, 215 (1958).10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.215Search in Google Scholar

93. Fields, P. R., Friedman, A. M., Milsted, J., Atterling, H.: Production of the new element 102. Phys. Rev. 107, 1460 (1957).10.1103/PhysRev.107.1460Search in Google Scholar

94. Ghiorso, A., Sikkeland, T., Walton, J. R., Seaborg, G. T.: Attempts to confirm the existence of the 10-minute isotope of 102. Phys. Rev Lett. 1, 17 (1958).10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.17Search in Google Scholar

95. Ghiorso, A., Sikkeland, T., Walton, J. R., Seaborg, G. T.: Element no. 102. Phys. Rev Lett. 1, 18 (1958).10.2172/915472Search in Google Scholar

96. Donets, E. D., Shchegolets, V. A., Ermakov, V. A.: Synthesis of the element 102 of mass number 256. Sov. At. Energy. 16, 233 (1964).10.1007/BF01122965Search in Google Scholar

97. Ghiorso, A., Sikkeland, T., Larsh, A. E., Latimer, R. M.: New element, lawrencium, atomic number 103. Phys. Rev Lett. 6, 473 (1961).10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.473Search in Google Scholar

98. Donets, E., Shchegolev, V., Ermakov, V.: Synthesis of the isotope of element 103 (lawrencium) with mass number 256. Sov. At. Energy. 19, 995 (1965).10.1007/BF01126414Search in Google Scholar

99. Eskola, K., Eskola, P., Nurmia, M., Ghiorso, A.: Studies of lawrencium isotopes with mass numbers 255 through 260. Phys. Rev. C. 4, 632 (1971).10.1103/PhysRevC.4.632Search in Google Scholar

100. Holcomb, R. W.: Heavy Elements: A Feud over 104 and a Future for 114. Science 166, 1254 (1969).10.1126/science.166.3910.1254Search in Google Scholar

101. Hyde, E. K., Hoffman, D. C., Keller, Jr., O. L.: A history and analysis of the discovery of elements 104 and 105. Radiochim. Acta 42, 57 (1987).10.1524/ract.1987.42.2.57Search in Google Scholar

102. Flerov, G. N., Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Lobanov, Y. V., Kuznetsov, V. I., Druin, V. A., Perelygin, V. P., Gavrilov, K. A., Tretiakova, S. P., Plotko, V. M.: Synthesis and physical identification of the isotope with mass number 260 of element 104. Sov. At. Energy 17, 1046 (1964).10.1007/BF01116295Search in Google Scholar

103. Zvara, I., Chuburkov, Y. T., Tsaletka, R., Zvarova, T., Shalaevskii, M., Shilov, B.: Chemical properties of element 104. Sov. At. Energy 21, 709 (1966).10.1007/BF01116584Search in Google Scholar

104. Zvara, I., Chuburkov, Y. T., Belov, V. Z., Buklanov, G. V.: Experiments on chemistry of element 104-Kurchatovium – V: adsorption of kurchatovium chloride from the gas stream on surfaces of glass and potassium chloride. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 32, 1885 (1970).10.1016/0022-1902(70)80598-XSearch in Google Scholar

105. Baum, E. M., Ernesti, M. C., Knox, H. D., Miller, T. R., Watson, A. M.: Nuclides and Isotopes: Chart of the Nuclides. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (2010).Search in Google Scholar

106. Ghiorso, A., Nurmia, M., Harris, J., Eskola, K., Eskola, P.: Positive identification of two alpha-particle-emitting isotopes of element 104. Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 1317 (1969).10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.1317Search in Google Scholar

107. Bemis, Jr., C. E., Silva, R. J., Hensley, D. C., Keller, O. L.: X-ray identification of element 104. Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 647 (1973).10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.647Search in Google Scholar

108. Silva, R., Harris, J., Nurmia, M., Eskola, K., Ghiorso, A.: Chemical separation of rutherfordium. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 6, 871 (1970).10.1016/0020-1650(70)80067-8Search in Google Scholar

109. Flerov, G. N.: Soviet synthesis of element 105. Science 170, 15 (1970).10.1126/science.170.3953.15.aSearch in Google Scholar

110. Flerov, G. N., Druin, V. A., Demin, A. G., lobanov, Y. V., Skobelev, N. K., Akapev, G. N., Fefilov, B. V., Kolesov, I. V., Gavrilov, K. A., Kharitonov, Y. P., Chelnikov, L. P.: Experiments in search of alpha-radioactive isotopes of element 105. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (1968).Search in Google Scholar

111. Flerov, G. N., Druin, V. A., Demin, A. G., Lobanov, Y. V., Skobelev, N. K., Akapiev, G. N., Fefilov, B. V., Kolesov, I. V., Gavrilov, K. A., Kharitonov, Y. P., Chelnokov, L. P.: Spontaneous fission of elements 103 and 105. Communications of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (1970).Search in Google Scholar

112. Flerov, G. N., Oganesian, Y. T., Lobanov, Y. V., Lasarev, Y. A., Tretiakova, S. P., Kolesov, I. V., Plotko, V. M.: On the synthesis of element 105. Nucl. Phys. A. 160, 181 (1971).10.1016/0375-9474(70)90182-XSearch in Google Scholar

113. Zvara, I., Keller, Jr., O. L., Silva, R. J., Tarrant, J. R.: Thermochromatography of bromides: A proposed technique for the study of the transactinide element chemistry. J. Chroma. A. 103, 77 (1975).10.1016/S0021-9673(00)83803-0Search in Google Scholar

114. Belov, V. Z., Zvarova, T. S., Shalaevskii, M. R.: Chemical isolation of nilsbohrium as ekatantalum in the form of anhydrous bromide: I. A thermochromatographic method for niobium and tantalum bromides. Sov. Radiochem. 17, 87 (1975).Search in Google Scholar

115. Zvara, I., Belov, V. Z., Domanov, V. P., Shalaevskii, M. R.: Chemical isolation of nilsbohrium as ekatantalum in the form of anhydrous bromide: II. Experiments with a spontaneously fissioning isotope of nilsbohrium. Sov. Radiochem. 18, 328 (1976).Search in Google Scholar

116. Ghiorso, A., Nurmia, M., Eskola, K., Harris, J., Eskola, P.: New element hahnium, atomic number 105. Phys. Rev Letters 24, 1498 (1970).10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.1498Search in Google Scholar

117. Holcomb, R. W.: Element 105 synthesized and named hahnium by Berkeley researchers. Science 168, 810 (1970).10.1126/science.168.3933.810Search in Google Scholar PubMed

118. Ghiorso, A.: Disputed discovery of element 105. Science. 171, 127 (1971).10.1126/science.171.3967.127.aSearch in Google Scholar

119. Flerov, G. N., Lazarev, Y. A., Lobanov, Y. V., Oganesyan, Y. T., Tret’yakova, S. P.: Spontaneous fission of kurchatovium and nilsborium isotopes. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Ion Physics. JINR, Dubna, Russia (1971).Search in Google Scholar

120. Sargeson, A. M., McCleverty, J. A., Koppenol, W. H., Arduengo, A. J., Coucovanis, D. N., Bolster, M. W., Kaesz, H. D., Salzer, A., Bergerhoff, G., Casey, J. B., Denti, G., Dress, A., de Oliveira Cabral, J., Royo Garcia, P., Yamamoto, Y., Bennet, M. A., Tang, W., Neels, J., Laitinen, R. S., Fodor-Csanyi, P., Meyerstein, D., Nakazawa, H., Yamamoto, A., Reedijk, J., Mackay, K. M., Chin, C. S., Zulu, M. M., Kolotov, V. P., Elding, L. I., Godly, E. W.: Names and symbols of transfermium elements. Pure Appl. Chem. 69, 2471 (1997).10.1351/pac199769122471Search in Google Scholar

121. Rayner-Canham, G., Zheng, Z.: Naming elements after scientists: an account of a controversy. Found. Chem. 10, 13 (2008).10.1007/s10698-007-9042-1Search in Google Scholar

122. Ghiorso, A., Nitschke, J., Alonso, J., Alonso, C., Nurmia, M., Seaborg, G., Hulet, E., Lougheed, R.: Element 106. Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 1490 (1974).10.1142/9789812795953_0021Search in Google Scholar

123. Oganesyan, Y. T., Tret’yakov, Y. P., Il’inov, A. S., Demin, A. G., Pleve, A. A., Tret’yakova, S. P., Plotko, V. M., Ivanov, M. P., Danilov, N. A., korotkin, Y. S., Flerov, G. N.: Synthesis of neutron-deficient isotopes from fermium, Kurchatovium, and element 106. JETP Lett. 20, 265 (1974).Search in Google Scholar

124. Demin, A., Tretyakova, S., Utyonkov, V., Shirokovsky, I.: On the properties of the element 106 isotopes produced in the reactions Pb+⁵⁴Cr. Z. Phys. A. 315, 197 (1984).10.1007/BF01419379Search in Google Scholar

125. Gregorich, K. E., Lane, M. R., Mohar, M. F., Lee, D. M., Kacher, C. D., Sylwester, E. R., Hoffman, D. C.: First confirmation of the discovery of element 106. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1423 (1994).10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.1423Search in Google Scholar

126. Oganesyan, Y. T., Demin, A. G., Danilov, N. A., Ivanov, M. P., Il’Inov, A. S., Kolesnikov, N. N., Markov, B. N., Plotko, V. M., Tret’yakova, S. P., Flerov, G. N.: Experiments on the synthesis of element 107. JETP Lett. 23, 277 (1976).Search in Google Scholar

127. Münzenberg, G., Hofmann, S., Heßberger, F. P., Reisdorf, W., Schmidt, K. H., Schneider, J. H. R., Armbruster, P., Sahm, C. C., Thuma, B.: Identification of element 107 by α correlation chains. Z. Phys. A. 300, 1107 (1981).10.1007/BF01412623Search in Google Scholar

128. Münzenberg, G., Armbruster, P., Hofmann, S., Heßberger, F., Folger, H., Keller, J., Ninov, V., Poppensieker, K., Quint, A., Reisdorf, W., Schmidt, K., Schneider, J., Schött, H., Sümmerer, K., Zychor, I., Leino, M., Ackermann, D., Gollerthan, U., Hanelt, E., Morawek, W., Vermeulen, D., Fujita, Y., Schwab, T.: Element 107. Z. Phys. A. 333, 163 (1989).10.1007/BF01565147Search in Google Scholar

129. Oganessian, Y., Demin, A., Hussonnois, M., Tretyakova, S., Kharitonov, Y., Utyonkov, V., Shirokovsky, I., Constantinescu, O., Bruchertseifer, H., Korotkin, Y.: On the stability of the nuclei of element 108 with A=263–265. Z. Phys. A. 319, 215 (1984).10.1007/BF01415635Search in Google Scholar

130. Münzenberg, G., Armbruster, P., Folger, H., Heßberger, P., Hofmann, S., Keller, J., Poppensieker, K., Reisdorf, W., Schmidt, K., Schött, H., Leino, M., Hingmann, R.: The identification of element 108. Z. Phys. A. 317, 235 (1984).10.1007/BF01421260Search in Google Scholar

131. Münzenberg, G., Armbruster, P., Berthes, G., Folger, H., Heberger, F. P., Hofmann, S., Poppensieker, K., Reisdorf, W., Quint, B., Schmidt, K.-H., Sümmerer, K., Zychor, I., Leino, M. E., Gollerthan, U., Hanelt, E.: Evidence for ²⁶⁴108, the heaviest known even-even isotope. Z. Phys. A. 324, 489 (1986).10.1007/BF01290935Search in Google Scholar

132. Münzenberg, G., Armbruster, P., Berthes, G., Folger, H., Heßberger, F., Hofmann, S., Keller, J., Poppensieker, K., Quint, A., Reisdorf, W., Schmidt, K., Schött, H., Sümmerer, K., Zychor, I., Leino, M., Hingmann, R., Gollerthan, U., Hanelt, E.: Observation of the isotopes ²⁶⁴108 and ²⁶⁵108. Z. Phys. A. 328, 49 (1987).10.1007/BF01295182Search in Google Scholar

133. Münzenberg, G., Armbruster, P., Heßberger, F., Hofmann, S., Poppensieker, K., Reisdorf, W., Schneider, J., Schneider, W., Schmidt, K., Sahm, C., Vermeulen, D.: Observation of one correlated α-decay in the reaction ⁵⁸Fe on ²⁰⁹Bi→²⁶⁷109. Z. Phys. A. 309, 89 (1982).10.1007/BF01420157Search in Google Scholar

134. Münzenberg, G., Reisdorf, W., Hofmann, S., Agarwal, Y., Heßberger, F., Poppensieker, K., Schneider, J., Schneider, W., Schmidt, K., Schött, H., Armbruster, P., Sahm, C., Vermeulen, D.: Evidence for element 109 from one correlated decay sequence following the fusion of ⁵⁸Fe with ²⁰⁹Bi. Z. Phys. A. 315, 145 (1984).10.1007/BF01419373Search in Google Scholar

135. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Hussonois, M., Demin, A. G., Kharitonov, Y. P., Bruchertseifer, H., Constantienescu, O., Korotkin, Y. S., Tretyakova, S. P., Utyonkov, V. K., Shirokovsky, I. V., Estevez, J.: Experimental studies of the formation and radioactive decay of isotopes with Z=104–109. Radiochim. Acta 37, 113 (1984).10.1524/ract.1984.37.3.113Search in Google Scholar

136. Münzenberg, G., Hofmann, S., Heßberger, F., Folger, H., Ninov, V., Poppensieker, K., Quint, A., Reisdorf, W., Schött, H., Sümmerer, K., Armbruster, P., Leino, M., Ackermann, D., Gollerthan, U., Hanelt, E., Morawek, W., Fujita, Y., Schwab, T., Türler, A.: New results on element 109. Z. Phys. A. 330, 435 (1988).10.1007/BF01290131Search in Google Scholar

137. Karol, P. J., Nakahara, H., Petley, B. W., Vogt, E.: On the discovery of the elements 110-112 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 959 (2001).10.1351/pac200173060959Search in Google Scholar

138. Ghiorso, A., Lee, D., Somerville, P., Loveland, W., Nitschke, J. M., Ghiorso, W., Seaborg, G. T., Wilmarth, P., Leres, R., Wydler, A., Nurmia, M., Gregorich, K., Czerwinski, K., Gaylord, R., Hamilton, T., Hannink, N. J., Hoffman, D. C., Jarzynski, C., Kacher, C., Kadkhodayan, B., Kreek, S., Lane, M., Lyon, A., McMahan, M. A., Neu, M., Sikkeland, T., Swiatecki, W. J., Türler, A., Walton, J. T., Yashita, S.: Evidence for the synthesis of element 110 produced by the ⁵⁹Co + ²⁰⁹Bi reaction. Phys. Rev. C. 51, R2293 (1995).10.1103/PhysRevC.51.R2293Search in Google Scholar

139. Ghiorso, A., Lee, D., Somerville, L., Loveland, W., Nitschke, J. M., Ghiorso, W., Seaborg, G. T., Wilmarth, P., Leres, R., Wydler, A.: Evidence for the synthesis of ²⁶⁷110 produced by the ⁵⁹Co + ²⁰⁹Bi reaction. Nuc. Phys. A. 583, 861 (1995).10.1016/0375-9474(94)00775-ISearch in Google Scholar

140. Lazarev, Y. A., Lobanov, Y. V., Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Rigol, J., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Buklanov, G. V., Gikal, B. N., Kutner, V. B., Mezentsev, A. N., Subotic, K., Wild, J. F., Lougheed, R. W., Moody, K. J.: α decay of ²⁷³110: Shell closure at N=162. Phys. Rev. C. 54, 620 (1996).10.1103/PhysRevC.54.620Search in Google Scholar

141. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Yeremin, A. V., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Chepigin, V. I., Gikal, B. N., Gorshkov, V. A., Itkis, M. G., Kabachenko, A. P., Kutner, V. B., Lavrentev, A. Y., Malyshev, O. N., Popeko, A. G., Roháč, J., Sagaidak, R. N., Hofmann, S., Münzenberg, G., Veselsky, M., Saro, S., Iwasa, N., Morita, K.: Search for new isotopes of element 112 by irradiation of ²³⁸U with ⁴⁸Ca. Eur. Phys. J. A. 5, 63 (1999).10.1007/s100500050257Search in Google Scholar

142. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Gikal, B. N., Mezentsev, A. N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Buklanov, G. V., Subotic, K., Itkis, M. G.: Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3154 (1999).10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154Search in Google Scholar

143. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Yeremin, A. V., Popeko, A. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Bulkanov, G. V., Chelnokov, M. L., Chepigin, V. I., Gikal, B. N., Gorshkov, V. A., Gulbekian, G. G., Itkis, M. G., Kabachenko, A. P., Lavrentev, A. Y., Maylshev, O. N., Rohac, J., Sagaidak, R. N., Hofmann, S., Saro, S., Giardina, G., Morita, K.: Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by ⁴⁸Ca. Nature 400, 242 (1999).10.1038/22281Search in Google Scholar

144. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Gikal, B. N., Mezentsev, A. N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Ivanov, O. V., Buklanov, G. V., Subotic, K., Itkis, M. G., Moody, K. J., Wild, J. F., Stoyer, N. J., Stoyer, M. A., Lougheed, R. W.: Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu reaction: ²⁸⁸114. Phys. Rev. C. 62, 041604 (2000).10.1103/PhysRevC.62.041604Search in Google Scholar

145. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Gikal, B. N., Mezentsev, A. N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Ivanov, O. V., Bulkanov, G. V., Subotic, K., Itkis, M. G., Moody, K. J., Wild, J. F., Stoyer, N. J., Stoyer, M. A., Lougheed, R. W.: Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu interactions. Phys. Atom. Nucl. 63, 2000 (2000).10.1134/1.1320137Search in Google Scholar

146. Hofmann, S., Ninov, V., Heßberger, F., Armbruster, P., Folger, H., Münzenberg, G., Schött, H., Popeko, A., Yeremin, A., Andreyev, A., Saro, S., Janik, R., Leino, M.: Production and decay of ²⁶⁹110. Z. Phys. A. 350, 277 (1995).10.1007/BF01291181Search in Google Scholar

147. Hofmann, S.: New elements – approaching Z=114. Rep. Prog. Phys. 61, 639 (1998).10.1088/0034-4885/61/6/002Search in Google Scholar

148. Ginter, T. N., Gregorich, K. E., Loveland, W., Lee, D. M., Kirbach, U. W., Sudowe, R., Folden, C. M., Patin, J. B., Seward, N., Wilk, P. A., Zielinski, P. M., Aleklett, K., Eichler, R., Nitsche, H., Hoffman, D. C.: Confirmation of production of element 110 by the ²⁰⁸Pb(⁶⁴Ni, n) reaction. Phys. Rev. C. 67, 064609 (2003).10.1103/PhysRevC.67.064609Search in Google Scholar

149. Hofmann, S., Ninov, V., Heßberger, F. P., Armbruster, P., Folger, H., Münzenberg, G., Schött, H. J., Popeko, A. G., Yeremin, A. V., Andreyev, A. N., Saro, S., Janik, R., Leino, M.: The new element 111. Z. Phys. A. 350, 281 (1995).10.1007/BF01291182Search in Google Scholar

150. Hofmann, S., Heßberger, F. P., Ackermann, D., Münzenberg, G., Antalic, S., Cagarda, P., Kindler, B., Kojouharova, J., Leino, M., Lommel, B., Mann, R., Popeko, A. G., Reshitko, S., Śaro, S., Uusitalo, J., Yeremin, A. M.: New results on elements 111 and 112. Eur. Phys. J. A. 14, 147 (2002).10.1140/epja/i2001-10119-xSearch in Google Scholar

151. Hofmann, S., Ninov, V., Heβberger, F. P., Armbruster, P., Folger, H., Münzenberg, G., Schött, H. J., Popeko, A. G., Yeremin, A. V., Saro, S., Janik, R., Leino, M.: The new element 112. Z. Phys. A. 354, 229 (1996).10.1007/s002180050036Search in Google Scholar

152. Hofmann, S.: The discovery of elements 107 to 112. EPJ Web of Conferences. 131, 06001 (2016).10.1051/epjconf/201613106001Search in Google Scholar

153. Morita, K., Morimoto, K., Kaji, D., Akiyama, T., Goto, S.-I., Haba, H., Ideguchi, E., Kanungo, R., Katori, K., Koura, H., Kudo, H., Ohnishi, T., Ozawa, A., Suda, T., Sueki, K., Xu, H., Yamaguchi, T., Yoneda, A., Yoshida, A., Zhao, Y.: Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the reaction ²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn, n)²⁷⁸113. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 2593 (2004).10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593Search in Google Scholar

154. Morita, K., Morimoto, K., Kaji, D., Akiyama, T., Goto, S.-I., Haba, H., Ideguchi, E., Katori, K., Koura, H., Kikunaga, H., Kudo, H., Ohnishi, T., Ozawa, A., Sato, N., Suda, T., Sueki, K., Yokanai, F., Yamaguchi, T., Yoneda, A., Yoshida, A.: Observation of the second decay chain from ²⁷⁸113. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, 045001 (2007).10.1143/JPSJ.76.045001Search in Google Scholar

155. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Sagaidak, R. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Voinov, A. A., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Gikal, B. N., Mezentsev, A. N., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Subotic, K., Zagrebaev, V. I., Vostokin, G. K., Itkis, M. G., Henderson, R. A., Kenneally, J. M., Landrum, J. H., Moody, K. J., Shaughnessy, D. A., Stoyer, M. A., Stoyer, N. J., Wilk, P. A.: Synthesis of the isotope ²⁸²113 in the ²³⁷Np + ⁴⁸Ca fusion reaction. Phys. Rev. C. 76, 011601 (2007).10.1103/PhysRevC.76.011601Search in Google Scholar

156. Morita, K., Morimoto, K., Kaji, D., Haba, H., Ozeki, K., Kudou, Y., Sumita, T., Wakabayashi, Y., Yoneda, A., Tanaka, K., Yamaki, S., Sakai, R., Akiyama, T., Goto, S., Hasebe, H., Huang, M., Huang, T., Ideguchi, E., Kasamatsu, Y., Katori, K., Kariya, Y., Kikunaga, H., Koura, H., Kudo, H., Mashiko, A., Mayama, K., Mitsuoka, S., Moriya, T., Murakami, M., Murayama, H., Namai, S., Ozawa, A., Sato, N., Sueki, K., Takeyama, M., Tokanai, F., Yamaguchi, T., Yoshida, A.: New result in the production and decay of an isotope, ²⁷⁸113, of the 113th element. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 81, 103201 (2012).10.1143/JPSJ.81.103201Search in Google Scholar

157. Karol, P. J., Barber, R. C., Sherrill, B. M., Vardaci, E., Yamazaki, T.: Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers Z=113, 115 and 117 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 88, 139 (2016).10.1515/pac-2015-0502Search in Google Scholar

158. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkoy, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Mezentsev, A. N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Voinov, A. A., Buklanov, G. V., Subotic, K., Zagrebaev, V. I., Itkis, M. G., Patin, J. B., Moody, K. J., Wild, J. F., Stoyer, M. A., Stoyer, N. J., Shaughnessy, D. A., Kenneally, J. M., Lougheed, R. W.: Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction ²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca, xn)^291-x115. Phys. Rev. C. 69, 021601 (2004).10.1103/PhysRevC.69.021601Search in Google Scholar

159. Dmitriev, S. N., Oganessyan, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Shishkin, S. V., Yeremin, A. V., Lobanov, Y. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Chepygin, V. I., Sokol, E. A., Vostokin, G. K., Aksenov, N. V., Hussonnois, M., Itkis, M. G., Gäggeler, H. W., Schumann, D., Bruchertseifer, H., Eichler, R., Shaughnessy, D. A., Wilk, P. A., Kenneally, J. M., Stoyer, M. A., Wild, J. F.: Chemical identification of dubnium as a decay product of element 115 produced in the reaction ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴³Am. Mendeleev Commun. 15, 1 (2005).10.1070/MC2005v015n01ABEH002077Search in Google Scholar

160. Stoyer, N. J., Landrum, J. H., Wilk, P. A., Moody, K. J., Kenneally, J. M., Shaughnessy, D. A., Stoyer, M. A., Wild, J. F., Lougheed, R. W., Dmitriev, S. N., Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Shishkin, S. V., Aksenov, N. V., Tereshatov, E. E., Bozhikov, G. A., Vostokin, G. K., Utyonkov, V. K., Yeremin, A. A.: Chemical identification of a long-lived isotope of dubnium, a descendant of element 115. Nucl. Phys. A. 787, 388 (2007).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.12.060Search in Google Scholar

161. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Abdullin, F. S., Dmitriev, S. N., Gostic, J. M., Hamilton, J. H., Henderson, R. A., Itkis, M. G., Moody, K. J., Polyakov, A. N., Ramayya, A. V., Roberto, J. B., Rykaczewski, K. P., Sagaidak, R. N., Shaughnessy, D. A., Shirokovsky, I. V., Stoyer, M. A., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Tsyganov, Y. S., Utyonkov, V. K., Voinov, A. A., Vostokin, G. K.: New Insights into the ²⁴³Am + ⁴⁸Ca reaction products previously observed in the experiments on elements 113, 115, and 117. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 022502 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.022502Search in Google Scholar PubMed

162. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Abdullin, F. S., Dmitriev, S. N., Gostic, J. M., Hamilton, J. H., Henderson, R. A., Itkis, M. G., Moody, K. J., Polyakov, A. N., Ramayya, A. V., Roberto, J. B., Rykaczewski, K. P., Sagaidak, R. N., Shaughnessy, D. A., Shirokovsky, I. V., Stoyer, M. A., Stoyer, N. J., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Tsyganov, Y. S., Utyonkov, V. K., Voinov, A. A., Vostokin, G. K.: Investigation of the ²⁴³Am + ⁴⁸Ca reaction products previously observed in the experiments on elements 113, 115, and 117. Phys. Rev. C. 87, 014302 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevC.87.014302Search in Google Scholar

163. Forsberg, U., Rudolph, D., Andersson, L.-L., di Nitto, A., Düllmann, Ch. E., Fahlander, C., Gates, J. M., Golubev, P., Gregorich, K. E., Gross, C. J., Herzberg, R.-D., Heßberger, C., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kratz, J. V., Rykaczewski, K., Sarmiento, L. G., Schädel, M., Yakushev, A., Ǻberg, S, Ackermann, D., Block, M., Brand, H., Carlsson, B. G., Cox, D., Derkx, X., Dobaczewki, J., Eberhardt, K., Even, J., Gerl, J., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Krier, J., Kojouharov, I., Kurz, N., Lommel, B., Mistry, A., Mokry, C., Nazarewicz, W., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J. P., Papadakis, P., Ragnarsson, I., Runke, J., Schaffner, H., Schausten, B., Shi, Y., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Torres, T., Traut, T., Trautmann, N., Türler, A., Ward, A., Ward, D. E., Wiehl, N.: Recoil-α-fission and recoil-α-α-fission events observed in the reaction ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴³Am. Nucl. Phys. A. 953, 117 (2016).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.04.025Search in Google Scholar

164. Forsberg, U., Rudolph, D., Fahlander, C., Golubev, P., Sarmiento, L. G., Ǻberg, S., Block, M., Düllman, Ch. E., Heßberger, F. P., Kratz, J. V., Yakushev, A.: A new assessment of the alleged link between element 115 and element 117 decay chains. Phys. Lett. B. 760, 293 (2016).10.1016/j.physletb.2016.07.008Search in Google Scholar

165. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Abdullin, F. S., Bailey, P. D., Benker, D. E., Bennett, M. E., Dmitriev, S. N., Ezold, J. G., Hamilton, J. H., Henderson, R. A., Itkis, M. G., Lobanov, Y. S., Mezentsev, A. N., Moody, K. J., Nelson, S. L., Polyakov, A. N., Porter, C. E., Ramayya, A. V., Riley, F. D., Roberto, J. B., Ryabinin, M. A., Rykaczewski, K. P., Sagaidak, R. N., Shaughnessy, D. A., Shirokovsky, I. V., Stoyer, M. A., Subbotin, V. G., Sudowe, R., Sukhov, A. M., Tsyganov, Y. S., Utyonkov, V. K., Voinov, A. A., Vostokin, G. K., Wilk, P. A.: Synthesis of a new element with atomic number Z=117. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 142502 (2010).10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502Search in Google Scholar PubMed

166. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Abdullin, F. S., Bailey, P. D., Benker, D. E., Bennett, M. E., Dmitriev, S. N., Ezold, J. G., Hamilton, J. H., Henderson, R. A., Itkis, M. G., Lobanov, Y. S., Mezentsev, A. N., Moody, K. J., Nelson, S. L., Polyakov, A. N., Porter, C. E., Ramayya, A. V., Riley, F. D., Roberto, J. B., Ryabinin, M. A., Rykaczewski, K. P., Sagaidak, R. N., Shaughnessy, D. A., Shirokovsky, I. V., Stoyer, M. A., Subbotin, V. G., Sudowe, R., Sukhov, A. M., Taylor, R., Tsyganov, Y. S., Utyonkov, V. K., Voinov, A. A., Vostokin, G. K., Wilk, P. A.: Eleven new heaviest isotopes of elements Z=105 to Z=117 identified among the products of ²⁴⁹Bk + ⁴⁸Ca reactions. Phys. Rev. C. 83, 054315 (2011).10.1103/PhysRevC.83.054315Search in Google Scholar

167. Rudolph, D., Forsberg, U., Golubev, P., Sarmiento, L., Yakushev, A., Andersson, L.-L., Nitto, D. A., Düllmann, C. E., Gates, J., Gregorich, K., Gross, C., Heßberger, F., Herzberg, R.-D., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kratz, J., Rykaczewski, K., hädel, Åberg, S., Ackermann, D., Block, M., Brand, H., Carlsson, B., Cox, D., Derkx, X., Eberhardt, K., Even, J., Fahlander, C., Gerl, J., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Krier, J., Kojouharov, I., Kurz, N., Lommel, B., Mistry, A., Mokry, C., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J., Papadakis, P., Ragnarsson, I., Runke, J., Schaffner, H., Schausten, B., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Torres, T., Traut, T., Trautmann, N., Türler, A., Ward, A., Ward, D., Wiehl, N.: Spectroscopy of element 115 decay chains. Phys. Rev Lett. 111, 112502 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.112502Search in Google Scholar PubMed

168. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Abdullin, F. S., Alexander, C., Binder, J., Boll, R. A., Dmitriev, S. N., Ezold, J., Felker, K., Gostic, J. M., Grzywacz, R. K., Hamilton, J. H., Henderson, R. A., Itkis, M. G., Miernik, K., Miller, D., Moody, K. J., Polyakov, A. N., Ramayya, A. V., Roberto, J. B., Ryabinin, M. A., Rykaczewski, K. P., Sagaidak, R. N., Shaughnessy, D. A., Shirokovsky, I. V., Shumeiko, M. V., Stoyer, M. A., Stoyer, N. J., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Tsyganov, Y. S., Utyonkov, V. K., Voinov, A. A., Vostokin, G. K.: Experimental studies of the ²⁴⁹Bk + ⁴⁸Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope ²⁷⁷Mt. Phys. Rev. C. 87, 054621 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621Search in Google Scholar

169. Öhrström, L., Reedijk, J.: Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 (IUPAC Recommendations 2016). Pure Appl. Chem. 88, 1225 (2016).10.1515/pac-2016-0501Search in Google Scholar

170. Ninov, V., Gregorich, K. E., Loveland, W., Ghiorso, A., Hoffman, D. C., Lee, D. M., Nitsche, H., Swiatecki, W. J., Kirbach, U. W., Laue, C. A., Adams, J. L., Patin, J. L., Shaughnessy, D. A., Strellis, D. A., Wilk, P. A.: Observation of superheavy nuclei produced in the reaction of ⁸⁶Kr with ²⁰⁸Pb. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1104 (1999).10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1104Search in Google Scholar

171. Gregorich, K. E., Ginter, T. N., Loveland, W., Peterson, D., Patin, J. B., Folden, C. M., Hoffman, D. C., Lee, D. M., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J. P., Omtvedt, L. A., Stavsetra, L., Sudowe, R., Wilk, P. A., Zielinski, P. M., Aleklett, K.: Cross-section limits for the ²⁰⁸Pb(⁸⁶Kr, n)²⁹³118 reaction. Eur. Phys. J. A. 18, 633 (2003).10.1140/epja/i2002-10165-xSearch in Google Scholar

172. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Moody, K. J.: Synthesis of ²⁹²116 in the ²⁴⁸Cm + ⁴⁸Ca reaction. Phys. Atom. Nucl. 64, 1349 (2001).10.1134/1.1398925Search in Google Scholar

173. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Gikal, B. N., Mezentsev, A. N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Ivanov, O. V., Buklanov, G. V., Subotic, K., Itkis, M. G., Moody, K. J., Wild, J. F., Stoyer, N. J., Stoyer, M. A., Lougheed, R. W., Laue, C. A., Karelin, Y. A., Tatarinov, A. N.: Observation of the decay of ²⁹²116. Phys. Rev. C. 63, 011301 (2001).10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301Search in Google Scholar

174. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Gikal, B. N., Mezentsev, A. N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Voinov, A. A., Buklanov, G. V., Subotic, K., Zagrebaev, V. I., Itkis, M. G., Patin, J. B., Moody, K. J., Wild, J. F., Stoyer, M. A., Stoyer, N. J., Shaughnessy, D. A., Kenneally, J. M., Lougheed, R. W.: Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions ²⁴⁴Pu(⁴⁸Ca, xn) ^292−x114 and ²⁴⁵Cm(⁴⁸Ca, xn)^293−x116. Phys. Rev. C. 69, 054607 (2004).10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607Search in Google Scholar

175. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomolov, S. L., Gikal, B. N., Mezentsev, A. N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Voinov, A. A., Buklanov, G. V., Subotic, K., Zagrebaev, V. I., Itkis, M. G., Patin, J. B., Moody, K. J., Wild, J. F., Stoyer, M. A., Stoyer, N. J., Shaughnessy, D. A., Kenneally, J. M., Wilk, P. A., Lougheed, R. W., Il’kaev, R. I., Vesnovskii, S. P.: Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions ^233,238U, ²⁴²Pu, and ²⁴⁸Cm + ⁴⁸Ca. Phys. Rev. C. 70, 064609 (2004).10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609Search in Google Scholar

176. Barber, R. C., Karol, P. J., Nakahara, H., Vardaci, E., Vogt, E. W.: Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 83, 1485 (2011).10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01Search in Google Scholar

177. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Sagaidak, R. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Yoinov, A. A., Gulbekian, G. G., Bogomollov, S. L., Gikal, B. N., Mezentsev, A. N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Subotic, K., Zagrebaev, V. I., Vostokin, G. K., Itkis, M. G., Moody, K. J., Patin, J. B., Shaughnessy, D. A., Stoyer, M. A., Stoyer, N. J., Wilk, P. A., Kenneally, J. M., Landrum, J. H., Wild, J. F., Lougheed, R. W.: Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the ²⁴⁹Cf and ²⁴⁵Cm + ⁴⁸Ca fusion reactions. Phys. Rev. C. 74, 044602 (2006).10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602Search in Google Scholar

178. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K., Lobanov, Y. V., Abdullin, F. S., Polyakov, A. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Mezentsev, A. N., Iliev, S., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Ivanov, O. V., Voinov, A. A., Subotic, K., Zagrebaev, V. I., Itkis, M. G., Moody, K. J., Wild, J. F., Stoyer, M. A., Stoyer, N. J., Laue, C. A., Shaughnessy, D. A., Patin, J. B., Lougheed, R. W.: Results from the first ²⁴⁹Cf + ⁴⁸Ca experiment. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (2002).10.2172/15007307Search in Google Scholar

179. Ellison, P. A., Gregorich, K. E., Berryman, J. S., Bleuel, D. L., Clark, R. M., Dragojević, I., Dvorak, J., Fallon, P., Fineman-Sotomayor, C., Gates, J. M., Gothe, O. R., Lee, I. Y., Loveland, W. D., McLaughlin, J. P., Paschalis, S., Petri, M., Qian, J., Stavsetra, L., Wiedeking, M., Nitsche, H.: New superheavy element isotopes: ²⁴²Pu(⁴⁸Ca, 5n)²⁸⁵114. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 182701.10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.182701Search in Google Scholar PubMed

180. Stavsetra, L., Gregorich, K. E., Dvorak, J., Ellison, P. A., Dragojević, I., Garcia, M. A., Nitsche, H.: Independent verification of element 114 production in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴²Pu reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 132502.10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.132502Search in Google Scholar

181. Karol, P. J., Barber, R. C., Sherrill, B. M., Vardaci, E., Yamazaki, T.: Discovery of the element with atomic number Z=118 completing the 7th row of the periodic table (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 88, 155 (2016).10.1515/pac-2015-0501Search in Google Scholar

182. Loss, R. D., Corish, J.: Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 114 and 116 (IUPAC Recommendations 2012). Pure Appl. Chem. 84, 1669 (2012).10.1351/PAC-REC-11-12-03Search in Google Scholar

183. Pyykkö, P.: Relativistic effects in structural chemistry. Chem. Rev. 88, 563 (1988).10.1021/cr00085a006Search in Google Scholar

184. Pyykkö, P.: Relativistic effects in chemistry: more common than you thought. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 63, 45 (2012).10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143755Search in Google Scholar

185. White, H. E.: Pictoral representations of the Dirac electron cloud for hydrogen-like atoms. Phys. Rev. 38, 513 (1931).10.1103/PhysRev.38.513Search in Google Scholar

186. Pyykkö, P., Desclaux, J.-P.: Relativity and the periodic system of elements. Acc. Chem. Res. 12, 276 (1979).10.1021/ar50140a002Search in Google Scholar

187. Schädel, M.: Chemistry of superheavy elements. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 368 (2006).10.1002/anie.200461072Search in Google Scholar

188. Clark, D. E.: The chemical complexities of plutonium. Los Alamos Sci. 26, 364 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

189. Wen, X.-D., Martin, R. L., Henderson, T. M., Scuseria, G. E.: Density functional theory studies of the electronic structure of solid state actinide oxides. Chem. Rev. 113, 1063 (2012).10.1021/cr300374ySearch in Google Scholar

190. Nugent, L. J.: Theory of the tetrad effect in the lanthanide(III) and actinide(III) series. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 32, 3485 (1970).10.1016/0022-1902(70)80157-9Search in Google Scholar

191. Marsh, M. L., Albrecht-Schmitt, T. E.: Directed evolution of the periodic table: probing the electronic structure of late actinides. Dalton Trans. 46, 9316 (2017).10.1039/C7DT00664KSearch in Google Scholar

192. Haire, R. G.: Insights into the bonding and electronic nature of heavy element materials. J. Alloys Comp. 444–445, 63 (2007).10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.01.103Search in Google Scholar

193. David, F. H.: About low oxidation states, hydration, and covalence properties of f elements. Radiochim. Acta. 96, 135 (2008).10.1524/ract.2008.1470Search in Google Scholar

194. Mikheev, N. B., Spitsyn, V. I., Kamenskaya, A. N., Rumer, I. A., Gvozdev, B. A., Rozenkevich, N. A., Auerman, L. N.: Dokl. Nauk. SSSR. 208, 1146 (1973).Search in Google Scholar

195. Nugent, L. J., Baybarz, R. D., Burnett, J. L., Ryan, J. L.: Electron-transfer and f-d absorption bands of some lanthanide and actinide complexes and the standard (II-III) oxidation potential for each member of the lanthanide and actinide series. J. Phys. Chem. 77, 1528 (1973).10.1021/j100631a011Search in Google Scholar

196. Samhoun, K., David, F., Hahn, R. L., O’Kelley, G. D., Tarrant, J. R., Hobart, D. E.: Electrochemical study of mendelevium in aqueous solution: No evidence for monovalent ions. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 41, 1749 (1979).10.1016/0022-1902(79)80117-7Search in Google Scholar

197. Langeslay, R. R., Fieser, M. E., Ziller, J. W., Furche, F., Evans, W. J.: Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃Th}¹⁻anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state. Chem. Sci. 6, 517 (2015).10.1039/C4SC03033HSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

198. MacDonald, M. R., Fieser, M. E., Bates, J. E., Ziller, J. W., Furche, F., Evans, W. J.: Identification of the +2 oxidation state for uranium in a crystalline molecular complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C₅H₄SiMe₃)₃U]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 13310 (2013).10.1021/ja406791tSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

199. Su, J., Windorff, C. J., Batista, E. R., Evans, W. J., Gaunt, A. J., Janicke, M. T., Kozimor, S. A., Scott, B. L., Woen, D. H., Yang, P.: Identification of the formal +2 oxidation state of neptunium: synthesis and structural characterization of {Np^II[C₅H₃ (SiMe₃)₂]₃}¹⁻. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 7425 (2018).10.1021/jacs.8b03907Search in Google Scholar PubMed

200. Windorff, C. J., Chen, G. P., Cross, J. N., Evans, W. J., Furche, F., Gaunt, A. J., Janicke, M. T., Kozimor, S. A., Scott, B. L.: Identification of the formal +2 oxidation state of plutonium: synthesis and characterization of {Pu^II[C₅H₃(SiMe₃)₂]₃}⁻. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 3970 (2017).10.1021/jacs.7b00706Search in Google Scholar PubMed

201. Cary, S. K., Vasiliu, M., Baumbach, R. E., Stritzinger, J. T., Green, T. D., Diefenbach, K., Cross, J. N., Knappenberger, K. L., Liu, G., Silver, M. A., DePrince, A. E., Polinski, M. J., Van Cleve, S. M., House, J. H., Kikugawa, N., Gallagher, A., Arico, A. A., Dixon, D. A., Albrecht-Schmitt, T. E.: Emergence of californium as the second transitional element in the actinide series. Nat. Comm. 6, 6827 (2015).10.1038/ncomms7827Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

202. Liu, G., Cary, S. K., Albrecht-Schmitt, T. E.: Metastable charge-transfer state of californium(III) compounds. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 16151 (2015).10.1039/C5CP01855BSearch in Google Scholar

203. Peterson, J. R., Baybarz, R. D.: Stabilization of divalent californium in the solid state: californium dibromide. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 8, 423 (1972).10.1016/0020-1650(72)80025-4Search in Google Scholar

204. Young, J. P., Vander Sluis, K. L., Werner, G. K., Peterson, J. R., Noé, M.: High temperature spectroscopic and x-ray diffraction studies of californium tribromide: Proof of thermal reduction to californium(II). J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 37, 2497 (1975).10.1016/0022-1902(75)80878-5Search in Google Scholar

205. Mikheev, N. B., Spitsyn, V. I., Kamenskaya, A. N., Gvozdev, B. A., Rumer, I. A., Djachkova, R. A., Rozenkevitch, N. A., Auerman, L. N.: Reduction of Cf³⁺, Es³⁺, and Fm³⁺ to the divalent state in aqueous ethanolic solutions. In: Proceedings of the Moscow Symposium on the Chemistry of Transuranium Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1976).10.1016/B978-0-08-020638-7.50052-XSearch in Google Scholar

206. Maly, J., Sikkeland, T., Silva, R., Ghiorso, A.: Nobelium: tracer chemistry of the divalent and trivalent ions. Science. 160, 1114 (1968).10.1126/science.160.3832.1114Search in Google Scholar PubMed

207. Peterson, J. R., Ensor, D. D., Fellows, R. L., Haire, R. G., Young, J. P.: Preparation, characterization and decay of einsteinium(II) in the solid state. J. de Phys. 40, 111 (1979).10.1051/jphyscol:1979435Search in Google Scholar

208. Lavelle, L.: Lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac) should remain in the d-block. J. Chem. Ed. 85, 1482 (2008).10.1021/ed085p1482Search in Google Scholar

209. Jensen, W. B.: The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: an update. Found. Chem. 17, 23 (2015).10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1Search in Google Scholar

210. Desclaux, J. P.: Relativistic Prediction of the ground-state of atomic lawrencium. J. Phyisique. 41, 943 (1980).10.1051/jphys:01980004109094300Search in Google Scholar

211. Sato, T. K., Asai, M., Borschevsky, A., Stora, T., Sato, N., Kaneya, Y., Tsukada, K., Düllmann, Ch. E., Eberhardt, K., Eliav, E., Ichikawa, S., Kaldor, U., Kratz, J. V., Miyashita, S., Nagame, Y., Ooe, K., Osa, A., Renisch, D., Runke, J., Schädel, M., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Toyoshima, A., Trautmann, N.: Measurement of the first ionization potential of lawrencium, element 103. Nature 520, 209 (2015).10.1038/nature14342Search in Google Scholar PubMed

212. Sato, T. K., Asai, M., Borschevsky, A., Beerwerth, R., Kaneya, U., Makii, H., Mitsukai, A., Nagame, Y., Osa, A., Toyoshima, A., Tsukada, K., Sakama, M., Takeda, S., Ooe, K., Sato, D., Shigekawa, Y., Ichikawa, S.-I., Düllmann, Ch. E., Grund, J., Renisch, D., Kratz, J. V., Schädel, M., Eliav, E., Kaldor, U., Fritzsche, S., Stora, T.: First Ionization Potentials of Fm, Md, No, and Lr: Verification of filling-up of 5f electrons and confirmation of the actinide series. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 14609 (2018).10.1021/jacs.8b09068Search in Google Scholar PubMed

213. Nagame, Y.: Lawrencium’s place at the table. Nat. Chem. 8, 262 (2016).10.1038/nchem.2460Search in Google Scholar

214. Xu, W.-H., Pyykkö, P.: Is the chemistry of lawrencium peculiar? Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 17351 (2016).10.1039/C6CP02706GSearch in Google Scholar

215. Pyykkö, P.: Additive covalent radii for single-, double-, and triple-bonded molecules and tetrahedrally bonded crystals: a summary. J. Phys. Chem. A. 119, 2326 (2015).10.1021/jp5065819Search in Google Scholar

216. Türler, A., Brüchle, W., Dressler, R., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gäggeler, H. W., Gärtner, M., Glatz, J., Gregorich, K. E., Hübener, S., Jost, D. T., Lebedev, V., Pershina, V. G., Schädel, M., Taut, S., Timokhin, S. N., Trautmann, N., Vahle, A., Yakushev, A. B.: First measurement of a thermochemical property of a seaborgium compound. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38, 2212 (1999).10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990802)38:15<2212::AID-ANIE2212>3.0.CO;2-6Search in Google Scholar

217. Even, J., Yakushev, A., Düllmann, C. E., Haba, H., Asai, M., Sato, T., Brand, H., Nitto, D. A., Eichler, R., Fan, F., Hartmann, W., Huang, M., Jäger, E., Kaji, D., Kanaya, J., Kaneya, Y., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kindler, B., Kratz, J., Krier, J., Kudou, Y., Kurz, N., Lommel, B., Miyashita, S., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Murakami, M., Nagame, Y., Nitsche, H., Ooe, K., Qin, Z., Schädel, M., Steiner, J., Sumita, T., Takeyama, M., Tanaka, K., Toyoshima, A., Tsukada, K., Türler, A., Usoltsev, I., Wakabayashi, Y., Wang, Y., Wiehl, N., Yamaki, S.: Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex. Science. 345, 1491 (2014).10.1126/science.1255720Search in Google Scholar

218. Pyykkö, P.: A suggested periodic table up to Z≤172, based on dirac-fock calculations on atoms and ions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 161 (2011).10.1039/C0CP01575JSearch in Google Scholar

219. Malli, G. L.: Relativistic effects for the reaction Sg + 6 CO → Sg(CO)₆: Prediction of the mean bond energy, atomization energy, and existence of the first organometallic transactinide superheavy hexacarbonyl Sg(CO)₆. J. Chem. Phys. 142, 064311 (2015).10.1063/1.4907595Search in Google Scholar

220. Iliaš, M., Pershina, V.: Hexacarbonyls of Mo, W, and Sg: Metal–CO bonding revisited. Inorg. Chem. 56, 1638 (2017).10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02759Search in Google Scholar

221. Zvara, I., Chuburkov, Yu. T., Tsaletka, R., Shalaevskii, M. R.: Experiments on the chemistry of element 104 – Kurchatovium: II. Chemical investigation of the isotope which undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of 0.3 sec. Sov. Radiochem. 11, 161 (1969).Search in Google Scholar

222. Kadkhodayan, B., Türler, A., Gregorich, K. E., Baisden, P. A., Czerwinski, K. R., Eichler, B., Gäggeler, H. W., Hamilton, T. M., Jost, D. T., Kacher, C. D., Kovacx, A., Kreek, S. A., Lane, M. R., Mohar, M. F., Neu, M. P., Stoyer, N. J., Sylwester, E. R., Lee, D. M., Nurmia, M. J., Seaborg, G. T., Hoffman, D. C.: On-line gas chromatographic studies of chlorides of rutherfordium and homologs Zr and Hf. Radiochim. Acta. 72, 169 (1996).10.1524/ract.1996.72.4.169Search in Google Scholar

223. Günther, R., Paulus, W., Kratz, J. V., Seibert, A., Thörle, P., Zauner, S., Brüchle, W., Jäger, E., Pershina, V., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Schumann, D., Eichler, B., Gäggeler, H. W., Jost, D. T., Türler, A.: Chromatographic study of rutherfordium (element 104) in the system HCl/Tributylphosphate (TBP). Radiochim. Acta. 80, 121 (1998).10.1524/ract.1998.80.3.121Search in Google Scholar

224. Türler, A., Eichler, R., Yakushev, A.: Chemical studies of elements with Z ≥ 104 in gas phase. Nucl. Phys. A. 944, 640 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.09.012Search in Google Scholar

225. Sylwester, E. R., Gregorich, K. E., Lee, D. M., Kadkhodayan, B., Türler, A., Adams, J. L., Kacher, C. D., Lane, M. R., Laue, C. A., McGrath, C. A., Shaughnessy, D. A., Strellis, D. A., Wilk, P. A., Hoffman, D. C.: On-line gas chromatographic studies of Rf, Zr, and Hf bromides. Radiochim. Acta. 88, 837 (2000).10.1524/ract.2000.88.12.837Search in Google Scholar

226. Kacher, C. D., Gregorich, K. E., Lee, D. M., Watanabe, Y., Kadkhodayan, B., Wierczinski, B., Lane, M. R., Sylwester, E. R., Keeney, D. A., Hendricks, M., Hoffman, D. C., Bilewicz, A.: Chemical studies of rutherfordium (element 104): part III. Solvent extraction into triisooctylamine from HF solutions. Radiochim. Acta. 75, 135 (1996).10.1524/ract.1996.75.3.135Search in Google Scholar

227. Bilewicz, A., Siekierski, S., Kacher, C. D., Gregorich, K. E., Lee, D. M., Stoyer, N. J., Kadkhodayan, B., Kreek, S. A., Lane, M. R., Sylwester, E. R., Neu, M. P., Mohar, M. F., Hoffman, D. C.: Chemical studies of rutherfordium (element 104): part I. Thin film ferrocyanide surfaces for the study of the hydrolysis of rutherfordium. Radiochim. Acta. 75 121 (1996).10.1524/ract.1996.75.3.121Search in Google Scholar

228. Keller, Jr., O. L.: Chemistry of the Heavy actinides and light transactinides. Radiochim. Acta. 37 169 (1984).10.1524/ract.1984.37.4.169Search in Google Scholar

229. Glebov, V. A., Kasztura, L., Nefedov, V. S., Zhuikov, B. L.: Is Element 104 (Kurchatovium) a p-Element? II. Relativistic calculations of the electronic atomic structure. Radiochim. Acta. 46, 117 (1989).10.1524/ract.1989.46.3.117Search in Google Scholar

230. Johnson, E., Fricke, B.: Ionization potentials and radii of atoms and ions of element 104 (unnilquadium) and of hafnium (2+) derived from multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock calculations. J. Chem. Phys. 93, 8041 (1990).10.1063/1.459334Search in Google Scholar

231. Eliav, E., Kaldor, U., Ishikawa, Y.: Ground state electron configuration of rutherfordium: role of dynamic correlation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1079 (1995).10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1079Search in Google Scholar

232. Pershina, V., Fricke, B., Ionova, G. V.: Theoretical study of the physicochemical properties of the light transactinides. J. Alloys Comp. 213/214, 33 (1994).10.1016/0925-8388(94)90877-XSearch in Google Scholar

233. Eliav, E., Fritzsche, S., Kaldor, U.: Electronic structure theory of the superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A. 944, 518 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.017Search in Google Scholar

234. Pitzer, K. S.: Are elements 112, 114, and 118 relatively inert gases? J. Chem. Phys. 63, 1032 (1975).10.1142/9789812795960_0020Search in Google Scholar

235. Eichler, R., Aksenov, N. V., Belozerov, A. V., Bozhikov, G. A., Chepigin, V. I., Dmitriev, S. N., Dressler, R., Gäggeler, H. W., Gorshkov, A. V., Itkis, M. G., Haenssler, F., Laube, A., Lebedev, V., Malyshev, O. N., Oganessian, Y., Petrushkin, O. V., Piguet, D., Popeko, A. G., Rasmussen, P., Shishkin, S. V., Serov, A. A., Shutov, A. V., Svirikhin, A. I., Tereshatov, E. E., Vostokin, G. K., Wegrzecki, M., Yeremin, A. V.: Thermochemical and physical properties of element 112. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 3262 (2008).10.1002/anie.200705019Search in Google Scholar PubMed

236. Eichler, R., Schädel, M.: Adsorption of radon on metal surfaces: a model for chemical investigations of elements 112 and 114. J. Phys. Chem. B. 106, 5413 (2002).10.1021/jp015553qSearch in Google Scholar

237. Nash, C. S.: Atomic and molecular properties of elements 112, 114, and 118. J. Phys. Chem. A. 109, 3493 (2005).10.1021/jp050736oSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

238. Soverna, S., Dressler, R., Düllmann, Ch. E., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gäggeler, H. W., Haenssler, F., Niklaus, J.-P., Piguet, D., Qin, Z, Türler, A., Yakushev, A. B.: Thermochromatographic studies of mercury and radon on transition metal surfaces. Radiochim. Acta. 93, 1 (2005).10.1524/ract.93.1.1.58298Search in Google Scholar

239. Pershina, V., Anton, J., Fricke, B.: Intermetallic compounds of the heaviest elements and their homologs: The electronic structure and bonding of MM’, where M=Ge, Sn, Pb and element 114, and M′=Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, Pb, and element 114. J. Chem. Phys. 127, 134310 (2007).10.1063/1.2770712Search in Google Scholar PubMed

240. Eichler, R., Aksenov, N., Albin, Y. V., Belozerov, A., Bozhikov, G., Chepigin, V., Dmitriev, S., Dressler, R., Gäggeler, H., Gorshkov, V., Henderson, G. S., Henderson, R. A., Johnsen, A. M., Kenneally, J. M., Lebedev, V. Ya., Malyshev, O. N., Moody, K. J., Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Petrushkin, O. V., Piguet, D., Popeko, A. G., Rasmussen, P., Serov, A., Shaughnessy, D. A., Shishkin, S. V., Shutov., A. V., Stoyer, M. A., Stoyer, N. J., Svirikhin, A. I., Tereshatov, E. E., Vostokin, G. K., Wegrzecki, M., Wilk, P. A., Wittwer, D., Yeremin, A. V.: Indication for a volatile element 114. Radiochim. Acta. 98, 133 (2010).10.1524/ract.2010.1705Search in Google Scholar

241. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Dmitriev, S. N.: Synthesis and study of properties of superheavy atoms. Factory of superheavy elements. Russ. Chem. Rev. 85, 901 (2016).10.1070/RCR4607Search in Google Scholar

242. Zaitsevskii, A., van Wüllen, C., Rykova, E. A., Titov, A. V.: Two-component relativistic density functional theory modeling of the adsorption of element 114(eka-lead) on gold. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 4152 (2010).10.1039/b923875aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

243. Pershina, V.: A relativistic periodic DFT study on interaction of superheavy elements 112 (Cn) and 114 (Fl) and their homologs Hg and Pb, respectively, with a quartz surface. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 17750 (2016).10.1039/C6CP02253GSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

244. Pershina, V.: Reactivity of superheavy elements Cn, Nh, and Fl and their lighter homologues Hg, Tl, and Pb, respectively, with a gold surface from periodic DFT calculations. Inorg. Chem. 57, 3948 (2018).10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00101Search in Google Scholar PubMed

245. Nazarewicz, W.: The limits of nuclear mass and charge. Nat. Phys. 14, 537 (2018).10.1038/s41567-018-0163-3Search in Google Scholar

246. Schwerdtfeger, P., Pašteka, L. F., Punnett, A., Bowman, P. O.: Relativistic and Quantum Electrodynamic effects in superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A. 944, 551 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.02.005Search in Google Scholar

247. Pershina, V.: Electronic structure and properties of superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A. 944, 578 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.04.007Search in Google Scholar

248. Eliav, E., Kaldor, U., Ishikawa, Y., Pyykkö, P.: Element 118: the first rare gas with an electron affinity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5350 (1996).10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5350Search in Google Scholar PubMed

249. Jerabek, P., Schuetrumpf, B., Schwerdtfeger, P., Nazarewicz, W.: Electron and nucleon localization functions of oganesson: approaching the thomas-fermi limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 053001 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.053001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

250. Dognon, J.-P., Pyykkö, P.: Chemistry of the 5g elements: relativistic calculations on hexafluorides. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 10132 (2017).10.1002/anie.201701609Search in Google Scholar PubMed

251. Fricke, B., Greiner, W., Waber, J. T.: The Continuation of the periodic table up to Z=172. The chemistry of the superheavy elements. Theoret. Chim. Acta. 21, 235 (1971).10.1007/BF01172015Search in Google Scholar