Abstract
The various aspects of experimental rocket engine development, utilizing different fuels, including model studies, component-level tests, and simulated flight conditions, play an essential role in the Rocket propulsion system. The experimental development of a rocket engine or propulsion system depends on the design of the experiment. The challenges faced by classical hybrid rockets, their real-world importance, and potential mitigation methods, ensuring simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and safety without compromising their advantages. It aims to establish state-of-the-art sustainable technologies based on global findings, as most current technologies are still in early stages of commercialization. The development of a rocket engine and propulsion system depends on model studies, component-level tests, and system-level tests. When rocket engines and power plants are tested on the ground, specific techniques and equipment are used to ensure safety. Advanced hybrid rockets, which combine fast-burning fuels, composite motor construction, and innovative design, offer high performance while maintaining cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and simplicity. Future space missions could be revolutionized by these technologies, requiring short-term investments that are green, safe, affordable, and high-performance. The effectiveness of Machine Learning (ML) models is contingent on the availability of high-quality training data, which can be a limiting factor in their application. Incorporating ML into existing engineering workflows poses challenges, requiring interdisciplinary collaboration and expertise.
Acknowledgments
The author expresses his sincere gratitude to the Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: The Author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI, and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
List of abbreviations
Abbreviation full form
- AM
-
Additive Manufacturing
- AMBER
-
Advanced Model Based Experimental Rocket
- CFD
-
Computational Fluid Dynamics
- CNN
-
Convolutional Neural Networks
- DAQ
-
Data Acquisition
- DB-1
-
Double-base Propellants without Aluminum
- DLR
-
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center)
- DRL
-
Deep Reinforcement Learning
- EOS
-
Equation of State
- FEM
-
Finite Element Method
- FKP
-
Federal Space Program (Federal’naya Kosmicheskaya Programma)
- GEO
-
Geostationary Orbit
- GH2
-
Gaseous Hydrogen
- GOx
-
Gaseous Oxygen
- HEO
-
High Earth Orbit
- HP
-
Hydrogen Peroxide
- HRE
-
Hybrid Rocket Engine
- HTP
-
High-Test Peroxide
- HTPB
-
Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene
- IR
-
Infrared
- ISP
-
Specific Impulse
- LEO
-
Low Earth Orbit
- LOX
-
Liquid Oxygen
- LPREs
-
Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines
- LRE
-
Liquid Rocket Engines
- LH2
-
Liquid Hydrogen
- LSTM
-
Long Short-Term Memory Network
- MEO
-
Medium Earth Orbit
- ML
-
Machine Learning
- Mpc
-
Model Predictive Control
- NASDA
-
National Space Development Agency (Japan)
- NASA
-
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- N2O
-
Nitrous Oxide
- O/F
-
Oxidizer-to-Fuel Ratio
- PDE
-
Partial Differential Equation
- PE
-
Polyethylene
- RB0146D
-
Rocket Engine Model RB-146D
- RB0150
-
Rocket Engine Model RB-150
- RKP
-
Russian Space Program (Rossiyskaya Kosmicheskaya Programma)
- R&D
-
Research and Development
- RDRE
-
Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine
- SLS
-
System-Level Simulation
- SSO
-
Sun-Synchronous Orbit
- SRM
-
Solid Rocket Motor
- SST
-
Shear Stress Transport
- TFM
-
Total Flow Mass
- UV-VIS
-
Ultraviolet-Visible
References
[1] A. G. Galeev, “Review of engineering solutions applicable in tests of liquid rocket engines and propulsion systems employing hydrogen as a fuel and relevant safety assurance aspects,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 39, pp. 25037–25047, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.242.Search in Google Scholar
[2] K. Kamijo, E. Sogame, and A. Okayasu, “Development of liquid oxygen and hydrogen turbopumps for the LE-5 rocket engine,” J. Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 226–231, 1982. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.62241.Search in Google Scholar
[3] D. Li, Z. Ren, Y. Li, R. Gong, and H. Wang, “Thermodynamic effects on the cavitation flow of a liquid oxygen turbopump,” Cryogenics, vol. 57, no. 116, Art. no. 103302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103302.Search in Google Scholar
[4] J. Emdee, “A survey of development test programs for hydrogen oxygen rocket engines,” in 39th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 2001, Reno, NV,U.S.A, vol. 749. 2001. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-749.Search in Google Scholar
[5] P. Huang, T. Wang, L. Ding, H. Yu, Y. Tang, and D. Zhou, “Comparative analysis of real-time fault detection methods based on certain artificial intelligent algorithms for a hydrogen–oxygen rocket engine,” Aerospace, vol. 9, no. 10, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9100582.Search in Google Scholar
[6] R. D. Launius, “NASA’s quest for human spaceflight popular appeal,” Soc. Sci. Q., vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 1216–1232, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12473.Search in Google Scholar
[7] B. Cantwell, A. Karabeyoglu, and D. Altman, “Recent advances in hybrid propulsion,” Int. J. Energ. Mater. Chem. Propuls., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 305–326, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJEnergeticMaterialsChemProp.v9.i4.20.Search in Google Scholar
[8] J. Crocker, “The vision for space exploration,”, 2006. in ICIS ’06: International Congress of Imaging Science - Final Program and Proceedings, 473, https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683402602.003.0011.Search in Google Scholar
[9] P. R. Vaka, N. Rathi, and P. A. Ramakrishna, “Experimental investigation of erosion rate of insulation materials using hybrid rockets,” Fire. Phys. Chem, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 222–230, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpc.2021.11.011.Search in Google Scholar
[10] C. Schmierer, M. Kobald, K. Tomilin, U. Fischer, and S. Schlechtriem, “Low cost small-satellite access to space using hybrid rocket propulsion,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 159, pp. 578–583, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.02.018.Search in Google Scholar
[11] Tracked objects in low Earth orbit, by type. Our World in Data. (n.d.), 2025. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/low-earth-orbits-objects.Search in Google Scholar
[12] X. Niu, et al., “A comprehensive transient fluid-solid coupled numerical model for hybrid rocket nozzle erosion and its experimental validation,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 230, pp. 16–29, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.014.Search in Google Scholar
[13] J. Verma and D. Sharma, “A comprehensive review of propellants used in cryogenic rocket engine,” Vidyabharati Int. Interdiscipl. Res. J., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 8–17, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353193041.Search in Google Scholar
[14] T. Teasley, B. Williams, A. Larkey, C. Protz, and P. Gradl, “A review towards the design optimization of high-performance additively manufactured rotating detonation rocket engine injectors,” AIAA Propul. Energy Forum, pp. 1–39, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3655.Search in Google Scholar
[15] A. Almayas, M. S. Yaakob, F. A. Aziz, N. Yidri, and K. A. Ahmad, “CFD application for solid propellant rocket simulation: a review,” CFD Letters, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 84–95, 2021. https://doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.13.1.8495.Search in Google Scholar
[16] S. U. Bayaskar, V. Arya, and S. P. U, “Engine use in hybrid rocket - a review,” Grad. Res. Eng. Technol., pp. 1–4, 2022. https://doi.org/10.47893/gret.2022.1103.Search in Google Scholar
[17] M. J. Casiano, J. R. Hulka, and V. Yang, “Liquid-propellant rocket engine throttling: a comprehensive review,” J. Propul. Power, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 897–923, 2010. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.49791.Search in Google Scholar
[18] A. M. Toscano, M. R. Lato, D. Fontanarosa, and M. G. De Giorgi, “Optical diagnostics for solid rocket plumes characterization: a review,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 4, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041470.Search in Google Scholar
[19] C. Jiang, T. Han, Z. Gao, and C. H. Lee, “A review of impinging jets during rocket launching,” Prog. Aero. Sci., vol. 109, 2019, Art. no. 100547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2019.05.007.Search in Google Scholar
[20] S. K. Pradhan, V. Kedia, and P. Kour, “Review on different materials and their characterization as rocket propellant,” Mater. Today: Proc., vol. 33, 2020, pp. 5269–5272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.960.Search in Google Scholar
[21] S. Srivastava and A. K. Thakur, “Review on hybrid rocket engine: past, present and future scenario,” Int. J. Veh. Struct. Syst., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 680–685, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4273/ijvss.14.5.24.Search in Google Scholar
[22] T. Blachowicz, G. Ehrmann, and A. Ehrmann, “Metal additive manufacturing for satellites and rockets,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 24, 2021, Art. no. 12036. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112412036.Search in Google Scholar
[23] P. Xie and X. Zhang, “A method of rib-bed plate enhancing heat transfer in hydrogen rocket engine chamber wall,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 44, no. 36, pp. 20504–20515, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.06.041.Search in Google Scholar
[24] C. Zhou, N. Yu, J. Wang, P. Jin, and G. Cai, “Analysis of dynamic characteristics and sensitivity of hydrogen-oxygen expansion cycle rocket engine system,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 189, pp. 624–637, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.08.046.Search in Google Scholar
[25] N. Viola, R. Fusaro, G. Saccone, and V. Borio, “Analytical formulations for nitrogen oxides emissions estimation of an air turbo-rocket engine using hydrogen,” Aerospace, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1–21, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10110909.Search in Google Scholar
[26] S. Roga, “CFD analysis of scramjet engine combustion chamber with alternating wedge-shaped strut injector at flight mach 6.5,” J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 1276, no. 1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1276/1/012038.Search in Google Scholar
[27] S. Roga, “Enhancing fuel-air mixing and flame stability using double cavity with multiple struts scramjet propulsion,” Int. J. Turbo. Jet-Engines, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2025-0066.Search in Google Scholar
[28] S. Roga and K. M. Pandey, “Computational analysis of hydrogen-fueled scramjet combustor using cavities in tand em flame holder,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 772, pp. 130–135, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.772.130.Search in Google Scholar
[29] S. Krishnan, A. Sang-hee, and L. Choong-won, “Design and development of a hydrogen-peroxide rocket-engine facility,” J. Mekanikal, vol. 30, pp. 24–36, 2010.Search in Google Scholar
[30] K. M. Sobczak, et al., “Test campaign of a green liquid bi-propellant rocket engine using catalytically decomposed 98 % hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer,” in 53rd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Atlanta, 2017, p. 4926. 10–12.10.2514/6.2017-4926Search in Google Scholar
[31] A. R. Shanmugam and K. Sun Park, “Flow and heat transfer of supercritical hydrogen in a regenerative cooling channel with the arc ribs of a rocket engine,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 236, 2004, Art. no. 121451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121451.Search in Google Scholar
[32] H. Elmouazen, X. Zhang, M. Gibreel, and M. Ali, “Heat transfer enhancement of hydrogen rocket engine chamber wall by using V-shape rib,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no. 16, pp. 9775–9790, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.045.Search in Google Scholar
[33] A. R. Shanmugam, L. D. Silvi, and K. S. Park, “Heat transfer of supercritical hydrogen in rocket engine cooling channels with arc ribs and variable heat flux,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 58, pp. 764–782, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.139.Search in Google Scholar
[34] S. Gröning, J. Hardi, D. Suslov, and M. Oschwald, “Influence of hydrogen temperature on the stability of a rocket engine combustor operated with hydrogen and oxygen: a new hydrogen temperature ramping experiment,” CEAS Space J., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 59–76, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12567-016-0130-8.Search in Google Scholar
[35] N. N. Smirnov, et al., “Hydrogen fuel rocket engines simulation using LOGOS code,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 39, no. 20, pp. 10748–10756, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.150.Search in Google Scholar
[36] S. L. Guseinov, S. G. Fedorov, V. A. Kosykh, and P. A. Storozhenko, “Hydrogen peroxide decomposition catalysts used in rocket engines,” Russia. Appl. Chem., vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 467–487, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427220040011.Search in Google Scholar
[37] V. B. Betelin, et al., “Mathematical simulation of hydrogen-oxygen combustion in rocket engines using LOGOS code,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 53–64, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.11.008.Search in Google Scholar
[38] Yang, Q., Shi, W., Chang, J., and Bao, W. (2015). Maximum thrust for the rocket-ejector mode of the hydrogen fueled rocket-based combined cycle engine. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2015; 40(9): 3771–3776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.01.033 Search in Google Scholar
[39] G. Cai, C. Li, and H. Tian, “Numerical and experimental analysis of heat transfer in injector plate of hydrogen peroxide hybrid rocket motor,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 128, pp. 286–294, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.05.041.Search in Google Scholar
[40] Z. Guo, H. Tian, Z. Wang, X. Meng, and G. Cai, “Numerical and experimental study on 95 % hydrogen peroxide catalytic ignition of hybrid rocket motors with HTPB-based aluminum additive fuel,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 195, pp. 98–108, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.03.004.Search in Google Scholar
[41] H. Elmouazen, X. Zhang, M. Gibreel, and M. Ali, “Numerical investigation of pentagonal V-shape ribs to enhance heat transfer in hydrogen rocket engine cooling channels,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no. 56, pp. 23871–23886, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.146.Search in Google Scholar
[42] S. Zhang, Y. Feng, D. Zhang, Y. Jiang, J. Qin, and W. Bao, “Parametric numerical analysis of regenerative cooling in hydrogen fueled scramjet engines,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 41, no. 25, pp. 10942–10960, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.176.Search in Google Scholar
[43] J. Anthoine, J. Y. Lestrade, J. Messineo, and S. Casu, “Performances of a multi-pulsed hybrid rocket engine operating with highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide,”, in 53rd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, 2017, pp. 1–12.10.2514/6.2017-4906Search in Google Scholar
[44] W. O. H. Mayer, B. Ivancic, A. Schik, and U. Hornung, “Propellant atomization and ignition phenomena in liquid oxygen/gaseous hydrogen rocket combustors,” J. Propul. Power, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 794–799, 2001. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.5835.Search in Google Scholar
[45] M. A. Habib, G. A. Abdulrahman, A. B. Alquaity, and N. A. Qasem, “Hydrogen combustion, production, and applications: a review,” Alex. Eng. J., vol. 100, pp. 182–207, 2024. 10.1016/j.aej.2024.05.030.10.1016/j.aej.2024.05.030Search in Google Scholar
[46] V. B. Betelin, V. F. Nikitin, D. I. Altukhov, V. R. Dushin, and J. Koo, “Supercomputer modeling of hydrogen combustion in rocket engines,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 89, pp. 46–59, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.03.001.Search in Google Scholar
[47] C. Zhou, et al., “The influence of thrust chamber structure parameters on regenerative cooling effect with hydrogen peroxide as coolant in liquid rocket engines,” Aerospace, vol. 10, no. 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010065.Search in Google Scholar
[48] S. Li, Y. Ge, X. Wei, and T. Li, “Mixing and combustion modeling of hydrogen peroxide/kerosene shear-coaxial jet flame in lab-scale rocket engine,” Aero. Sci. Technol., vol. 56, pp. 148–154, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.07.008.Search in Google Scholar
[49] E. A. Strokach, I. N. Borovik, V. G. Bazarov, and O. J. Haidn, “Numerical study of operational processes in a GOx-kerosene rocket engine with liquid film cooling,” Propul. Power ., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 132–141, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jppr.2020.04.004.Search in Google Scholar
[50] Y. Tian, S. Yang, and J. Le, “Study on flame stabilization of a hydrogen and kerosene fueled combustor,” Aero. Sci. Technol., vol. 59, pp. 183–188, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.10.023.Search in Google Scholar
[51] H. Li, L. Ye, X. Wei, T. Li, and S. Li, “The design and main performance of a hydrogen peroxide/kerosene coaxial-swirl injector in a lab-scale rocket engine,” Aero. Sci. Technol., vol. 70, pp. 636–643, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.09.003.Search in Google Scholar
[52] K. H. Industries, “90 % Hydrogen peroxide/polyethylene solid fuel hybrid rocket engine,” in Dimension Contemporary German Arts and Letters, Tucson, Arizona, 2005.Search in Google Scholar
[53] S. Pérez-Roca, et al., “A survey of automatic control methods for liquid-propellant rocket engines,” Prog. Aero. Sci., vol. 107, pp. 63–84, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2019.03.002.Search in Google Scholar
[54] N. Tsujikado, “AIAA 2003-5200 an application of commercial grade hydrogen peroxide for hybrid/liquid rocket engine (II),” Huntsville, 2003.10.2514/6.2003-5200Search in Google Scholar
[55] D. T. Banuti, V. Hannemann, K. Hannemann, and B. Weigand, “An efficient multi-fluid-mixing model for real gas reacting flows in liquid propellant rocket engines,” Combust. Flame, vol. 168, pp. 98–112, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.03.029.Search in Google Scholar
[56] S. Pérez-Roca, et al., “An MPC approach to transient control of liquid-propellant rocket engines,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 268–273, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.254.Search in Google Scholar
[57] M. E. Boysan, A. Ulas, K. A. Toker, and B. Seckin, “Comparison of different aspect ratio cooling channel designs for a liquid propellant rocket engine,”. in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies, RAST, 2007, pp. 225–230.10.1109/RAST.2007.4283982Search in Google Scholar
[58] D. S. De Almeida and C. M. de Moraes Pagliuco, “Development status of L75: a Brazilian liquid propellant rocket engine,” J Aero. Technol. Management, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 475–484, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v6i4.386.Search in Google Scholar
[59] F. Kerstens, A. Cervone, and P. Gradl, “End to end process evaluation for additively manufactured liquid rocket engine thrust chambers,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 182, pp. 454–465, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.02.034.Search in Google Scholar
[60] D. Satoh, S. Tsutsumi, M. Hirabayashi, K. Kawatsu, and T. Kimura, “Estimating model parameters of liquid rocket engine simulator using data assimilation,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 177, pp. 373–385, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.07.037.Search in Google Scholar
[61] J. Wu, “Liquid-propellant rocket engines health-monitoring - a survey,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 347–356, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.05.070.Search in Google Scholar
[62] L. Wei, C. Liping, X. Gang, D. Ji, Z. Haiming, and Y. Hao, “Modeling and simulation of liquid propellant rocket engine transient performance using modelica,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Modelica Conference, vol. 118, 2015, pp. 485–490. https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp15118485.Search in Google Scholar
[63] Z. Gao, J. Bai, J. Zhou, C. Wang, and P. Li, “Numerical investigation of supercritical methane in helically coiled tube on regenerative cooling of liquid rocket electromechanical actuator,” Cryogenics, vol. 106, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2019.103023.Search in Google Scholar
[64] Park, S.-Y., Kim, Y., and Jeong, E.-W. “Optimization of the startup sequence of a liquid-propellant rocket engine,” in 7th European Conference for Aeronautics and Space Sciences (EUCASS), Milan. 2017; 1–10.Search in Google Scholar
[65] T. W. Khan and I. Qamar, “Optimum characteristic length of gas generator for liquid propellant rocket engine,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 176, pp. 1–12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.06.021.Search in Google Scholar
[66] J. Lux and O. Haidn, “Flame stabilization in high-pressure liquid oxygen/methane rocket engine combustion,” J. Propul. Power, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 15–23, 2009. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.36852.Search in Google Scholar
[67] W. Mayer and H. Tamura, “Propellant injection in a liquid oxygen/gaseous hydrogen rocket engine,” J. Propul. Power, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1137–1147, 1996. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.24154.Search in Google Scholar
[68] D. Gilbert Chand ra, B. Vinoth, U. Srinivasulu Reddy, G. Uma, and M. Umapathy, “Recurrent neural network based soft sensor for flow estimation in liquid rocket engine injector calibration,” Flow Meas. Instrum., vol. 83, 2022, Art. no. 102105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2021.102105.Search in Google Scholar
[69] P. R. Gradl and C. S. Protz, “Technology advancements for channel wall nozzle manufacturing in liquid rocket engines,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 174, no. 174, pp. 148–158, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.04.067.Search in Google Scholar
[70] C. Zhou, et al., “The influence of thrust chamber structure parameters on regenerative cooling effect with hydrogen peroxide as coolant in liquid rocket engines,” Aerospace, vol. 10, no. 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010065.Search in Google Scholar
[71] R. Citarella, M. Ferraiuolo, M. Perrella, and V. Giannella, “Thermostructural numerical analysis of the thrust chamber of a liquid propellant rocket engine,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 15, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155427.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[72] C. Li, Y. Cheng, N. Wang, D. Wu, and Y. Li, “Transient modelling of pressure-controlled propellant crossfeed for liquid rocket,” Cryogenics, vol. 116, 2021, Art. no. 103303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103303.Search in Google Scholar
[73] K. Lee, J. Cha, S. Ko, S. Y. Park, and E. Jung, “Mathematical modeling and simulation for steady state of a 75-ton liquid propellant rocket engine,” J. Aerospace Syst. Eng., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 6–12, 2017. https://doi.org/10.20910/JASE.2017.11.5.6.Search in Google Scholar
[74] K. Jenab, S. Khoury, T. Fine, and S. Moslehpour, “Cause-consequence analysis for NASA’s space transportation system (STS)-solid rocket booster (SRB),” Int. J. Bus. Manag., vol. 10, no. 8, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n8p23.Search in Google Scholar
[75] A. Parhi, V. Mahesh, A. Shaji, G. Levin, P. J. Abraham, and V. Srinivasan, “Challenges in the development of a slow burning solid rocket booster,” Aero. Sci. Technol., vol. 43, pp. 437–444, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2015.04.001.Search in Google Scholar
[76] P. Thakre and V. Yang, “Chemical erosion of carbon-carbon/graphite nozzles in solid-propellant rocket motors,” J. Propul. Power, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 822–833, 2008. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.34946.Search in Google Scholar
[77] A. Mahjub, N. M. Mazlan, M. Z. Abdullah, and Q. Azam, “Design optimization of solid rocket propulsion: a survey of recent advancements,” J. Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 3–11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A34594.Search in Google Scholar
[78] Y. Li, H. Y. Lv, S. W. Song, Q. L. Yan, and Q. H. Zhang, “Recent advances on electrically controlled solid propellants,” Fuel, vol. 394, 2025, Art. no. 135096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135096.Search in Google Scholar
[79] F. Maggi, A. Band era, L. Galfetti, L. T. De Luca, and T. L. Jackson, “Efficient solid rocket propulsion for access to space,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 66, nos. 11–12, pp. 1563–1573, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.10.012.Search in Google Scholar
[80] H. Yaman, V. Çelik, and E. Degirmenci, “Experimental investigation of the factors affecting the burning rate of solid rocket propellants,” Fuel, vol. 115, pp. 794–803, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.033.Search in Google Scholar
[81] J. M. Burt and I. D. Boyd, “High-altitude plume simulations for a solid propellant rocket,” AIAA J., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 2872–2884, 2007. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.30129.Search in Google Scholar
[82] X. Wei, J. Li, and G. He, “Influence of structural parameters on the performance of vortex valve variable-thrust solid rocket motor,” Int. J. Turbo. Jet Engines, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2015-0047.Search in Google Scholar
[83] S. Roga, “Performance analysis of a planar shaped strut injector based supersonic combustion chamber,” Int. J. Turbo and Jet-Engines, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 205–215, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2024-0024.Search in Google Scholar
[84] S. Tanaka, et al., “MEMS-based solid propellant rocket array thruster,” Trans. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci., vol. 46, no. 151, pp. 47–51, 2003. https://doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.46.47.Search in Google Scholar
[85] R. L. Raun and K. B. Isom, “Modeling of heat generation in ammonia‐treated solid rocket propellant,” AIChE J., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1572–1580, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410621.Search in Google Scholar
[86] A. Javed, P. K. Sinha, and D. Chakraborty, “Numerical exploration of solid rocket motor blast tube flow field,” Def. Sci. J., vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 616–621, 2013. https://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.63.5763.Search in Google Scholar
[87] A. Javed, P. Manna, and D. Chakraborty, “Numerical simulation of a dual pulse solid rocket motor flow field,” Def. Sci. J., vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 369–374, 2012. https://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.62.1418.Search in Google Scholar
[88] J. Liu, N. F. Wang, J. Wang, and Z. Y. Li, “Optimizing combustion performance in a solid rocket scramjet engine,” Aero. Sci. Tech., vol. 99, 2020, Art. no. 105560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.105560.Search in Google Scholar
[89] F. E. C. Culick, “Stability of longitudinal oscillations with pressure and velocity coupling in a solid propellant rocket,” Combust. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 179–201, 1970. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102207008952247.Search in Google Scholar
[90] D. M. Bošković and M. Krstić, “Stabilization of a solid propellant rocket instability by state feedback,” Int. J. Robust and Nonlinear Control, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 483–495, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/rnc.732.Search in Google Scholar
[91] Q. Zhou, J. Xu, X. Chen, J. Zheng, and C. Zhou, “Stress singularity in a rectangular bond specimen of a solid rocket motor: effects and elimination,” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., vol. 63, pp. 57–65, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.08.003.Search in Google Scholar
[92] R. W. Hart and F. T. McClure, “Theory of acoustic instability in solid-propellant rocket combustion,” Symposium (International) on Combustion, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1047–1065, 1965. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(65)80246-6.Search in Google Scholar
[93] H. Tian, X. Sun, Y. Guo, and P. Wang, “Combustion characteristics of hybrid rocket motor with segmented grain,” Aero. Sci. Technol., vol. 46, pp. 537–547, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2015.08.009.Search in Google Scholar
[94] X. Sun, H. Tian, and G. Cai, “Diameter and position effect determination of diaphragm on hybrid rocket motor,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 126, pp. 325–333, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.04.029.Search in Google Scholar
[95] H. Tian, et al., “Dynamic characteristics study of regression rate in variable thrust hybrid rocket motor,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 193, pp. 221–229, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.01.006.Search in Google Scholar
[96] G. Cai, Y. Zhang, H. Tian, P. Wang, and N. Yu, “Effect of grain port length–diameter ratio on combustion performance in hybrid rocket motors,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 128, pp. 83–90, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.07.002.Search in Google Scholar
[97] B. Vignesh and R. Kumar, “Effect of multi-location swirl injection on the performance of hybrid rocket motor,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 176, pp. 111–123, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.06.029.Search in Google Scholar
[98] S. S. Wei, M. C. Li, A. Lai, T. H. Chou, and J. S. Wu, “A review of recent developments in hybrid rocket propulsion and its applications,” Aerospace, vol. 11, no. 9, p. 739, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090739.Search in Google Scholar
[99] M. C. Li, S. S. Wei, C. H. Hung, and J. S. Wu, “Experimental and numerical investigation of swirling H2O2 and polypropylene hybrid rocket motor with regenerative cooling,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 190, pp. 283–298, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.09.026.Search in Google Scholar
[100] X. Li, H. Tian, N. Yu, and G. Cai, “Experimental investigation of fuel regression rate in a HTPB based lab-scale hybrid rocket motor,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 95–100, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.08.028.Search in Google Scholar
[101] G. Gallo, H. Kojima, L. Kamps, and H. Nagata, “Experimental investigation of regenerative cooling performance in hybrid rocket engines,” Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog., vol. 49, 2024, Art. no. 102481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102481.Search in Google Scholar
[102] E. T. Jens, B. J. Cantwell, and G. S. Hubbard, “Hybrid rocket propulsion systems for outer planet exploration missions,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 128, pp. 119–130, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.06.036.Search in Google Scholar
[103] F. Barato, N. Bellomo, and D. Pavarin, “Integrated approach for hybrid rocket technology development,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 128, pp. 257–261, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.07.023.Search in Google Scholar
[104] S. Zhang, F. Hu, and W. Zhang, “Numerical investigation on the regression rate of hybrid rocket motor with star swirl fuel grain,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 127, pp. 384–393, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.06.017.Search in Google Scholar
[105] S. Zhang, F. Hu, D. Wang, N. , P. Okolo, and W. Zhang, “Numerical simulations on unsteady operation processes of N2O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor with/without diaphragm,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 136, pp. 115–124, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.03.005.Search in Google Scholar
[106] G. Cai, B. Cao, H. Zhu, H. Tian, and X. Ma, “Parametric investigation of secondary injection in post-chamber on combustion performance for hybrid rocket motor,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 140, pp. 427–438, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.09.009.Search in Google Scholar
[107] X. Sun, H. Tian, Y. Li, N. Yu, and G. Cai, “Regression rate behaviors of HTPB-based propellant combinations for hybrid rocket motor,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 119, pp. 137–146, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.11.015.Search in Google Scholar
[108] C. Glaser, J. Hijlkema, and J. Anthoine, “Bridging the technology gap: strategies for hybrid rocket engines,” Aerospace, vol. 10, no. 10, p. 901, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10100901.Search in Google Scholar
[109] H. Tian, R. Yu, H. Zhu, J. Wu, and G. Cai, “Three-dimensional numerical and experimental studies on transient ignition of hybrid rocket motor,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 140, pp. 247–254, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.08.022.Search in Google Scholar
[110] A. Okninski, et al., “Development of green storable hybrid rocket propulsion technology using 98 % hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer,” Aerospace, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 234, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8090234.Search in Google Scholar
[111] M. Faenza, A. J. Boiron, B. Haemmerli, and C. J. Verberne, “Development of the nucleus hybrid propulsion system: enabling a successful flight demonstration,” AIAA Propul. Energy, vol. 3839, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-3839.Search in Google Scholar
[112] M. Pakosz, T. Noga, D. Kaniewski, A. Okninski, and B. Bartkowiak, “ILR-33 AMBER Rocket-Quick, low cost and dedicated access to suborbital flights for small experiments,” in 24th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, Essen, 2019.Search in Google Scholar
[113] Okninski, A., et al., The ILR-33 AMBER 2K ROCKET–dedicated access to suborbital experimentation. in 70th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Washington, IAC-19 D, 2019; 2, p.6.Search in Google Scholar
[114] Y. S. Chen, “Development of hapith small launch vehicle based on hybrid rocket propulsion,” in AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2019 Forum, Indianapolis, vol. 3837, pp. 19–22, 2019 https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-3837.Search in Google Scholar
[115] B. Marciniak, et al., “Development of the ILR-33 “Amber” sounding rocket for microgravity experimentation,” Aero. Sci. Technol., vol. 73, pp. 19–31, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.11.034.Search in Google Scholar
[116] K. M. Pandey and S. Roga, “CFD analysis of hypersonic combustion of H2-fueled scramjet combustor with cavity based fuel injector at flight Mach 6,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 656, pp. 53–63, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.656.53.Search in Google Scholar
[117] J. H. Park, H. Jung, C. H. Lim, and T. Chang, “The economic impact analysis of satellite development and its application in Korea,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 177, pp. 9–14, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.06.031.Search in Google Scholar
[118] M. Lewinska and M. Kedzierski, “The analysis of the possibility to conduct orbital manoeuvres of nanosatellites in the context of the maximisation of a specific operational task,” Appl. Sci., vol. 15, no. 10, p. 5360, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105360.Search in Google Scholar
[119] M. C. Ünlü, M. Gürtan, and E. Açıkgöz, “Hybrid propulsion system for the first Turkish lunar mission,” in 2023 10th International Conference on Recent Advances in Air and Space Technologies (RAST), Istanbul, Turkiye, 2023.10.1109/RAST57548.2023.10198023Search in Google Scholar
[120] Ātea-1, rocket lab: New Zealand rocket. 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20100726010524/.Search in Google Scholar
[121] Ātea-2, rocket lab: New Zealand rocket. 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20100823081403/.Search in Google Scholar
[122] S. Kaltenhäuser, F. Morlang, T. Luchkova, J. Hampe, and M. Sippel, “Facilitating sustainable commercial space transportation through an efficient integration into air traffic management,” New Space, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 244–256, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1089/space.2017.0010.Search in Google Scholar
[123] C. Schmierer, M. Kobald, K. Tomilin, U. Fischer, and S. Schlechtriem, “Low cost small-satellite access to space using hybrid rocket propulsion,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 159, pp. 578–583, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.02.018.Search in Google Scholar
[124] Gamal, H., et al., Development of a suborbital inexpensive rocket for affordable space access. In 69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Bremen, 2018, vol. 17, pp. 12869-12878.Search in Google Scholar
[125] E. Kulu, “Small launchers-2021 industry survey and market analysis,” in 72nd International Astronautical Congress, 2021, 10, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2021, pp. 25–29.Search in Google Scholar
[126] Verberne, C. J. The North star rocket family, Proceedings of the 12th Reinventing Space Conference, the Royal Society, London, UK, 2014, pp. 235–242.10.1007/978-3-319-34024-1_19Search in Google Scholar
[127] Y. S. Chen and B. Wu, “Development of a small launch vehicle with hybrid rocket propulsion,” in 2018 Joint Propulsion Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2018, p. 4835 .10.2514/6.2018-4835Search in Google Scholar
[128] J. Zoeckler, J. Green, and P. Raitano, “New facility for advanced rocket propulsion research,” in 29th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Monterey, CA, vol. 1018, p. 1859, 1993.10.2514/6.1993-1859Search in Google Scholar
[129] A. Mevlütoğlu, “The future of Turkey’s airpower,” Insight Turkey, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 131–160, 2020. https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2020223.09.Search in Google Scholar
[130] T. Pultarova, “British rocketeers in the new space age,” Eng. Technol., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 50–53, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1049/et.2019.0106.Search in Google Scholar
[131] D. Filipiak, P. Zalewski, and J. Postek, “air-rocket space launch system: as responsive space system,” Przegląd Nauk o Obronności, vol. 7, no. 13, pp. 101–114, 2022. https://doi.org/10.37055/pno/153381.Search in Google Scholar
[132] Z. Jiang, Z. Zhang, L. I. U. Yunfeng, W. A. N. G. Chun, and L. U. O. Changtong, “Criteria for hypersonic airbreathing propulsion and its experimental verification,” Chinese J. Aeronaut., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 94–104, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2020.11.001.Search in Google Scholar
[133] A. Neelakandan, A. S. A. Doss, and N. Lakshmaiya, “Computational design exploration of rocket nozzle using deep reinforcement learning,” Results. Eng., vol. 25, 2025, Art. no. 104439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104439.Search in Google Scholar
[134] S. A. Inam, et al., “A novel deep learning approach for investigating liquid fuel injection in combustion system,” Discov. Artif. Intell., vol. 5, no. 1, p. 32, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00248-2.Search in Google Scholar
[135] Z. H. U. Shaohua, H. Zhang, G. A. O. Yi, X. U. Dequan, Q. I. N. Fei, and L. I. U. Bin, “Deep learning based flow field reconstruction study in the isolator of rocket based combined cycle engine,” Aero. Sci. Technol., vol. 160, 2025, Art. no. 110081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.110081.Search in Google Scholar
[136] L. Sun, et al., “Reverse design of solid propellant grain based on deep learning: imaging internal ballistic data,” Def. Technol., vol. 50, pp. 374–385, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2025.04.019.Search in Google Scholar
[137] Daily Sabah, “Turkey successfully tests hybrid probe rocket for Moon Mission,” 2021. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tech/turkey-successfully-tests-hybrid-probe-rocket-for-moon-mission.Search in Google Scholar
[138] S. Roga, A. Anand, R. Jha, and V. Sumithran, “Recent advancements in Scramjet combustor: technologies, fuel strategies, and performance challenges,” Int. J. Turbo & Jet-Engines, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2025-0036.Search in Google Scholar
[139] S. Roga and K. M. Pandey, “Computational analysis of hydrogen-fueled scramjet combustor using cavities in tandem flame holder,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 772, pp. 130–135, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.772.130.Search in Google Scholar
[140] S. Roga and K. M. Pandey, “CFD analysis of scramjet combustor with non-premixed turbulence model using ramp injector,” Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 555, pp. 18–25, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.555.18.Search in Google Scholar
[141] S. Roga, H. Dahiwale, S. Bardhan, and S. Sinha, “Wind energy potential assessment: a case study in Central India,” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.: Energy., vol. 177, no. 3, pp. 130–148, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.22.00016.Search in Google Scholar
[142] S. Roga, “CFD analysis of scramjet engine combustion chamber with diamond-shaped strut injector at flight Mach 4.5,” J. Phys. Conf., vol. 1276, 2019, Art. no. 012041. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1276/1/012041.Search in Google Scholar
[143] S. Roga and K. M. Pandey, “CFD analysis of supersonic combustion using diamond-shaped strut injector with K-ω non-premixed combustion model,” Trans. Cont. Mech Syst., vol. 1, pp. 114–124, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
[144] S. Roga, K. .M. Pandey, and A. P. Singh, “Computational analysis of supersonic combustion using wedge-shaped strut injector with turbulent non-premixed combustion model,” Int. J. Soft. Comput. Eng., vol. 2, pp. 344–353, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
[145] K. M. Pandey, S. Roga, and A. P. Singh, “Numerical analysis of supersonic combustion using strut injector with turbulent non-premixed combustion model,” Transaction on Control and Mech. Syst., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 73–81, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
[146] S. Roga, “Computational analysis of Scramjet combustor using wedge-shaped strut injector for energy conversion at Mach 5,” Int. J. Comput. Intell. IoT, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 695–701, 2018. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3361046.Search in Google Scholar
[147] S. Roga and K. M. Pandey, “Computational analysis of hydrogen-fueled Scramjet combustor with diamond-shaped strut injector at Mach 4,” Int. J. Appl. Innovat. Eng. Manag., vol. 6, pp. 157–65, 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[148] J. F. Z. Usandivaras, M. Bauerheim, B. Cuenot, and A. Urbano, “Data-driven multifidelity surrogate models for rocket engines injector design,” Data-Cent. Eng., vol. 6, p. e2, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1017/dce.2024.56.Search in Google Scholar
[149] A. Zavoli, P. Maria Zolla, L. Federici, M. Tindaro Migliorino, and D. Bianchi, “Surrogate neural network for rapid flight performance evaluation of hybrid rocket engines,” J. Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 2003–2016, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A35369.Search in Google Scholar
[150] G. Waxenegger-Wilfing, K. Dresia, J. Deeken, and M. Oschwald, “Machine learning methods for the design and operation of liquid rocket engines-research activities at the DLR Institute of space propulsion,” arXiv preprint arXiv, 2021. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2102.07109.Search in Google Scholar
[151] Y. Santosh, K. Nand, S. Jayasundar, N. T. P. Jedithjah, and D. R. P. Rajarathnam, “AI-Integrated mechanical engineering solutions for next-gen rocket propulsion systems,” J. Propul. Technol., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 485–493, 2023. https://doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i3.320.Search in Google Scholar
[152] S. Le Clainche, E. Ferrer, S. Gibson, E. Cross, A. Parente, and R. Vinuesa, “Improving aircraft performance using machine learning: a review,” Aero. Sci. Technol., vol. 138, 2023, Art. no. 108354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2023.108354.Search in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Modern rocket propulsion: a critical review of technological advances and ongoing challenges
- An overview of isotherm models for gas adsorption on shale for enhanced gas recovery
- Articles
- Chemical modifications of acid-treated pine needle fillers reinforced epoxy nanocomposites for enhanced thermomechanical properties using a response surface methodology approach: fabrication and optimization
- Performance evaluation of a backward-facing H2-fueled supersonic combustion chamber with dual-strut injector: efficiency and shock wave analysis
- CFD investigation of body geometry effects on oil droplet-gas cyclone performance
- Challenges of hydrogen energy in aviation and solar-powered hydrogen panels: a case study from Saudi Arabia
- Signal analysis approach in two phase flow patterns detection through millichannels
- CFD-DEM simulation of the mixing performance of glass fiber raw materials in a pneumatic homogenizer
- Biodiesel production from soybean oil by hydroesterification process: experimental study and kinetic modeling
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Modern rocket propulsion: a critical review of technological advances and ongoing challenges
- An overview of isotherm models for gas adsorption on shale for enhanced gas recovery
- Articles
- Chemical modifications of acid-treated pine needle fillers reinforced epoxy nanocomposites for enhanced thermomechanical properties using a response surface methodology approach: fabrication and optimization
- Performance evaluation of a backward-facing H2-fueled supersonic combustion chamber with dual-strut injector: efficiency and shock wave analysis
- CFD investigation of body geometry effects on oil droplet-gas cyclone performance
- Challenges of hydrogen energy in aviation and solar-powered hydrogen panels: a case study from Saudi Arabia
- Signal analysis approach in two phase flow patterns detection through millichannels
- CFD-DEM simulation of the mixing performance of glass fiber raw materials in a pneumatic homogenizer
- Biodiesel production from soybean oil by hydroesterification process: experimental study and kinetic modeling