Horizontally polarized low sidelobe level inclined-slot array antenna using ridged waveguide
-
and
Abstract
In this paper, based on a ridge waveguide, an inclined-slot array antenna possessing horizontal polarization and low sidelobe level is designed and fabricated. The slot array is modeled by a circuit consisting of a series of impedances. Then the impedances are determined such that the desired aperture distribution is achieved. The resultant impedances are then synthesized by appropriate inclined slots. Through this design, a horizontal polarization antenna with a low level of sidelobes (−25 dB) is achieved while the dimensions of the antenna are decreased due to using the ridge inside the waveguide. The antenna is fabricated and measured. Apart from a good agreement between the simulation and measured results, the antenna possesses a stable gain of approximately 14.5 dBi at the entire frequency band. Further, the sidelobe level is −24.9 dB and the reflection coefficient is below −20dB at the center frequency, making the antenna a good choice for radar applications where a low level of ground clutter is desired.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
References
[1] J. L. Volakis, Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2007.Search in Google Scholar
[2] R. S. Elliott and W. R. O’ Loughlin, “The design of slot arrays including internal mutual coupling,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1149–1154, 1986, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.1986.1143947.Search in Google Scholar
[3] J. C. Coetzee, J. Joubert, and D. McNamara, “Off-center-frequency analysis of a complete planar slotted-waveguide array consisting of subarrays,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 1746–1755, 2000, https://doi.org/10.1109/8.900233.Search in Google Scholar
[4] R. S. Elliott and W. R. O’ Loughlin, “The design of slot arrays including internal mutual coupling,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1149–1154, 1986, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.1986.1143947.Search in Google Scholar
[5] J. C. Coetzee, J. Joubert, and D. McNamara, “Off-center-frequency analysis of a complete planar slotted-waveguide array consisting of subarrays,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 1746–1755, 2000, https://doi.org/10.1109/8.900233.Search in Google Scholar
[6] G. J. Stern and R. S. Elliott, “Resonant length of longitudinal slots and validity of circuit representation: theory and experiment,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1264–1271, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.1985.1143509.Search in Google Scholar
[7] Y. Miura, J. Hirokawa, T. Hirano, M. Ando, Y. Shibuya, and G. Yoshida, “Double-layer full-corporate-feed hollow-waveguide slot array antenna in the 60-GHz band,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 59, no. 8, pp. 2844–2851, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2011.2158784.Search in Google Scholar
[8] T. Tomura, J. Hirokawa, T. Hirano, and M. Ando, “A 45° linearly polarized hollow-waveguide 16×16-Slot array antenna covering 71–86 GHz band,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 5061–5067, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2014.2345567.Search in Google Scholar
[9] G. L. Huang, S. G. Zhou, T. H. hio, H. T. Hui, and T. S. Yeo, “A low profile and low sidelobe wideband slot antenna array feb by an amplitude-tapering waveguide feed-network,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 419–423, 2015.10.1109/TAP.2014.2365238Search in Google Scholar
[10] Y. Tyagi, P. Mevada, S. Chakrabarty, and R. Jyoti, “High-efficiency broadband slotted waveguide array antenna,” IET Microw., Antennas Propag., vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1401–1408, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2016.0682.Search in Google Scholar
[11] T. P. Potelon et al., “Continuous transverse stub array for Ka-band applications,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 6307–6316, 2017.10.1109/TAP.2017.2712791Search in Google Scholar
[12] A. Kumar, “Substrate integrated waveguide cavity‐backed slot antenna with low cross-polarization over the full bandwidth,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 66, no. 1, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.34019. Search in Google Scholar
[13] D. Chaturvedi and A. Kumar, “A QMSIW cavity-backed self-diplexing antenna with tunable resonant frequency using CSRR slot,” IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 259–263, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2023.3323008.Search in Google Scholar
[14] D. Chaturvedi, A. Kumar, A. A. Althuwayb, and F. Ahmadfard, “SIW‐backed multiplexing slot antenna for multiple wireless system integration,” Electron. Lett., vol. 59, no. 11, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.12826.Search in Google Scholar
[15] L. Qin, Y. Lu, Q. You, Y. Wang, J. Huang, and P. Gardner, “Millimeter-wave slotted waveguide array with unequal beamwidths and low sidelobe levels for vehicle radars and communications,” IEEE Trans. Vehicular Tech., vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 10574–10582, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2018.2866245.Search in Google Scholar
[16] L. Shi, C. Bencivenni, R. Maaskant, J. Wettergren, J. Pragt, and M. Ivashina, “High-efficiency and wideband aperiodic array of uniformly excited slotted waveguide antennas designed through compressive sensing,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 2992–2999, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2019.2891647.Search in Google Scholar
[17] J. Wang, G. Xu, H. Lin, and J. Ge, “A W-band dual-beam low side-lobe level antenna with shared slotted waveguide arrays,” IET Microw., Antennas Propag., vol. 17, no. 6, p. 427, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12347.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Q. You, Y. Lu, Y. Wang, J. Xu, J. Huang, and W. Hong, “Hollow-waveguide tri-band shared-aperture full-corporate-feed continuous transverse stub antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 6635–6645, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2022.3161265.Search in Google Scholar
[19] H. Zhou, Y. Lu, Q. You, Y. Wang, and J. Huang, “Wideband and high cross-polarization discrimination 45° linearly polarized slot array antenna without cavity-backed layer,” IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 2005–2009, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2022.3187952.Search in Google Scholar
[20] Y. You, Y. Lu, T. Skaik, Y. Wang, and J. Huang, “Millimeter-wave 45° linearly polarized corporate-fed slot array antenna with low profile and reduced complexity,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 6064–6069, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2021.3069561.Search in Google Scholar
[21] M. Dolati and M. S. Majedi, “A wideband 45° inclined linear polarization travelling-wave slot array antenna with broadside radiation pattern,” AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 106, pp. 103–107, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2019.05.007.Search in Google Scholar
[22] S. Chatterjee and A. Majumder, “Design of circularly polarized waveguide crossed slotted array antenna at Ka band,” in 2015 International Conference on Microwave and Photonics (ICMAP), 2015, pp. 1–2.10.1109/ICMAP.2015.7408714Search in Google Scholar
[23] X. Wu, F. Yang, F. Xu, and J. Zhou, “Circularly polarized waveguide antenna with dual pairs of radiation slots at Ka-Band,” IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 2947–2950, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2017.2755022.Search in Google Scholar
[24] S. Chatterjee, J. Das, and A. Majumder, “Circularly polarized offset center cross slotted array antenna at Ka band,” in 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Numerical Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization (NEMO), 2016, pp. 1–4.10.1109/NEMO.2016.7561648Search in Google Scholar
[25] Y. Konishi, Y. Hayashi, K. Saiki, and D. Kondo, “Dual-polarized bidirectional-beam dielectric waveguide antenna,” in 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Radio-Frequency Integration Technology (RFIT), Hiroshima, Japan, 2020, pp. 139–141.10.1109/RFIT49453.2020.9226193Search in Google Scholar
[26] H. Luo, Y. Xiao, X. Lu, and H. Sun, “Design of a dual-polarization single-ridged waveguide slot array with enhanced bandwidth,” in IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 138–142, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2018.2882894.Search in Google Scholar
[27] T. Liu, S. Deng, L. Han, Q.-M. Cai, and X. Cao, “Design of rectangular waveguide slot array antenna,” in 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (APS/URSI), Singapore, Singapore, 2021, pp. 1373–1374.10.1109/APS/URSI47566.2021.9704123Search in Google Scholar
[28] L. Wu, H. Chu, D. Cao, S. Peng, and Y. Guo, “3-D printed antenna subsystem with dual-polarization and its test in system level for radiometer applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 127856–127865, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3008727.Search in Google Scholar
[29] W. Wang, S. Zhong, Y. Zhang, and X. Zhang, “A broadband slotted ridge waveguide antenna array,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 2416–2420, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2006.879216.Search in Google Scholar
[30] S. S. Zhong, W. Wang, and X.-L. Liang, “Compact ridge waveguide slot antenna array fed by convex waveguide divider,” Electron. Lett., vol. 41, no. 21, pp. 1151–1152, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20052911.10.1049/el:20052911Search in Google Scholar
[31] A. R. Mallahzadeh and M. H. Amini, “Design of a leaky-wave long slot antenna using ridge waveguide,” IET Microw., Antennas Propag., vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 714–718, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2013.0458.Search in Google Scholar
[32] R. Xu, J. Li, D. Luo, and G. Yang, “Single ridge waveguide slot incremental conductance analysis and array antenna design,” in Proceedings of 2014 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2014, pp. 143–146.10.1109/APCAP.2014.6992435Search in Google Scholar
[33] S. B. Cohn, “Properties of ridge waveguide,” IRE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 783–787, 1947, https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1947.226277.Search in Google Scholar
[34] D. Y. Kim and R. S. Elliott, “Design procedure for slot arrays fed by single-ridge waveguide,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1531–1536, 1988, https://doi.org/10.1109/8.9701.Search in Google Scholar
[35] M. Sadeghzadeh, A. Mallahzadeh, and G. Dadashzadeh, “Low sidelobe level pattern synthesis of 2-D slot array antenna based on ridged waveguide,” Int. J. RF Microw. Computer-Aided Eng., vol. 2023, p. 1, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8770401.Search in Google Scholar
[36] T. Van Trinh, J. Park, M. S. Chan, S. Song, and K. C. Hwang, “A 3-D metal-printed dual-polarized ridged waveguide slot array antenna for X-band applications,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 8, p. 4996, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084996.Search in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
